Opposition to the Tsar
- Created by: Tori
- Created on: 13-02-20 10:38
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- Opposition to Tsarism
- Peasant Life
- 80% of the Russian population in 1894
- Vast majority lived impoverished lives of hard work, large debt and high taxes.
- Owned little or no land.
- Fearing peasant disorder, Nicholas introduced a series of counter reforms.
- Took away freedoms the peasants had enjoyed since 1860, hence caausing resentment.
- Land Captains replaced zemstvos (elected committees by the people).
- Became the main local government authority.
- Managed the work of peasants, and administered law and order.
- Peasants lost the right to elect people to the local zemstvos.
- Land Captains amde the final decision regarding which candidates were allowed to serve on the zemstvos.
- Land Captains replaced zemstvos (elected committees by the people).
- Took away freedoms the peasants had enjoyed since 1860, hence caausing resentment.
- 80% of the Russian population in 1894
- Working class
- Urban factory workers made up 4% of the Russian popluation in 1894.
- Emerged as a result of Sergei Witte's attempt to industrialise the economy in the 1890's.
- Witte was one of the Tsar's most trusted and adept ministers who oversaw the early stages of industrialisation in Russia.
- Paid better than peasants.
- However, factories were dangerous and living conditions in the large slums of the major cities were filthy.
- Hence, mortality rate was higher for workers than peasants.
- Working conditions were very tough.
- 12 hour days were the norm, although some were forced to work for up to 17 hours a day.
- Factory managers could beat employees and prone to verbal abuse and degrading body searches.
- Harsh conditions led to strikes and the growth of socialist groups in Russian cities.
- However, factories were dangerous and living conditions in the large slums of the major cities were filthy.
- Emerged as a result of Sergei Witte's attempt to industrialise the economy in the 1890's.
- Urban factory workers made up 4% of the Russian popluation in 1894.
- The League of Liberation
- In 1903, middle-class opponents of autocracy made the League of Liberation.
- Led by Pavel Milyukov and Pyotr Struve.
- Russia's Bourgeoisie (about 1.5% of the popluation in 1984) tended to want to create more democracy in Russia.
- Middle-class demands were reformist or liberal, generally wanting:
- A government with elected representatives to make laws.
- A government that respected individual rights.
- Middle-class demands were reformist or liberal, generally wanting:
- The leagues demands
- Published a programme in early 1904, after it's first congress held in St Petersburg.
- Included social, political and economic demands, including:
- End to Autocracy.
- Democratic government based on universal sufferage.
- Maximum 8 hour day for workers.
- Land redistrobution to the peasants.
- Self-determination for all nations part of the Russian Empire.
- Composition of the League
- Respresented 2 groups
- Ideas of the urban middle-class intellectuals.
- Those who held elected positions in the zemstvos.
- Meant that the League represented liberal opinion in the counrty and the cities.
- Respresented 2 groups
- Conflict with the Govenment
- Government believed the league was dangerous.
- Hence, the Okhrana arrested leading members of the League soon after it's first Congress.
- Government believed the league was dangerous.
- In 1903, middle-class opponents of autocracy made the League of Liberation.
- Peasant Life
- Workers and peasants disliked the Tsar due to the harshness of conditions, whereas middle-class wanted political reforms
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