Opposition to the Break from Rome: 1529-1534

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  • Opposition to religious change
    • Sir Thomas More
      • refused to swear oath observing Henry's divorce (which the 1534 First Act of Succession required him to)
        • executed for treason in 1535
          • evidence provided by Sir Richard Rich, one of Cromwell's key supporters who became head of the Court of Augmentations in 1540
      • Sympathy for Catherine of Aragon
      • rigid religious principles, unlike Wolsey - so didn't last long as chancellor
    • Aragonese faction
      • Before 1534 those who opposed the Break from Rome tended to express their concerns by showing sympathy for Catherine
      • members
        • small group of nobles and courtiers
        • Henry Courtenay (member of King's Privy Chamber), Marquis of Exeter
          • became linked to activities of Reginald Pole
        • northern lords Darcy and Hussey
          • supported the Pilgrimage of Grace because of Mary's exclusion from the succession in 1534, they were both executed for treason
        • sir Henry Guilford (Comptroller of the King's household)
      • largely silenced after 1532 because of Boleyn and her supporters' strong influence at court, as well as Cromwell's successes within Parliament
    • John Fisher
      • Bishop of Rochester since 1504, never shown any interest in promotion of status or wealth
      • thought Henry's actions towards Catherine were wrong and told his this
        • he refused to swear oath (1534 Succession Act) and so was imprisoned in the tower
          • Fisher executed for treason however Henry's actions showed that he was willing to take actions that suited him and could act like a tyrant - made Fisher a martyr
        • the Pope said Fisher was to be declared a Cardinal
    • Elizabeth Baron, the Nun of Kent
      • had been subject to visions in her teens, had gained local fame
      • 1528: her visions began to focus on the King's marriage - she warned of the disastrous consequences if Henry ignored his wife - those around her exploited this for political reasons
        • spread into a wider campaign: Bocking (responsible for her) encouraged pilgrims and published books, letters sent to More + Fisher, links established with Hussey and Courtenay + Carthusian monks in London
          • Cromwell had her and her mentors arrested in Sep 1533, Elizabeth forced to confess visions were false, they were executed in 1534 by Act of Attainder (whole group)

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