Operant Conditioning
- Created by: Former Member
- Created on: 31-03-16 23:18
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- Reinforcement
- A consequence that strengthens the behaviour that preceded it.
- Positive Reinforcement
- Increases the likelihood of a response by providing pleasant consequnces
- Reward Sytem
- Increases the likelihood of a response by providing pleasant consequnces
- Negative Reinforcement
- Increases the likelihood of a response that removes or provides escape from unpleasant consequences
- Avoidance Learning
- Increases the likelihood of a response that removes or provides escape from unpleasant consequences
- Secondary Reinforcement
- By itself it isn't reinforcing
- Associated with naturally occurring primary reinforcers (food, water). For example, money, parents.
- For it to work :
- Organism must want the reifnorcer
- Can be a problem if an animal gets full and no longer wants food.
- Reinforcement must be immediate as organism must know what is being reinforced
- Organism must want the reifnorcer
- Positive Reinforcement
- A consequence that strengthens the behaviour that preceded it.
- Behaviour Shaping
- Reinforcing responses that increasingly resemble a desired end behaviour in a step by step manner, to build up very complex behaviour from simple units.
- First responses are reinforced until perfected
- Reinforcement is withheld until the behaviour is refined to the next desired behaviour
- First responses are reinforced until perfected
- Reinforcing responses that increasingly resemble a desired end behaviour in a step by step manner, to build up very complex behaviour from simple units.
- Basic Theory
- Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement
- A consequence that strengthens the behaviour that preceded it.
- Positive Reinforcement
- Increases the likelihood of a response by providing pleasant consequnces
- Reward Sytem
- Increases the likelihood of a response by providing pleasant consequnces
- Negative Reinforcement
- Increases the likelihood of a response that removes or provides escape from unpleasant consequences
- Avoidance Learning
- Increases the likelihood of a response that removes or provides escape from unpleasant consequences
- Secondary Reinforcement
- By itself it isn't reinforcing
- Associated with naturally occurring primary reinforcers (food, water). For example, money, parents.
- For it to work :
- Organism must want the reifnorcer
- Can be a problem if an animal gets full and no longer wants food.
- Reinforcement must be immediate as organism must know what is being reinforced
- Organism must want the reifnorcer
- Positive Reinforcement
- A consequence that strengthens the behaviour that preceded it.
- Punishment
- Decreases the likelihood of a response being repeated if it is followed by as inescapable negative/unpleasant consequence
- Aversive Stimuli
- Decreases the likelihood of a response being repeated if it is followed by as inescapable negative/unpleasant consequence
- Behaviour Shaping
- Reinforcing responses that increasingly resemble a desired end behaviour in a step by step manner, to build up very complex behaviour from simple units.
- First responses are reinforced until perfected
- Reinforcement is withheld until the behaviour is refined to the next desired behaviour
- First responses are reinforced until perfected
- Reinforcing responses that increasingly resemble a desired end behaviour in a step by step manner, to build up very complex behaviour from simple units.
- Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Schedules - Reinforcing every response made
- As every response is rewarded, the novelty of the reward may wear off.
- Partial Schedules - Reinforcing responses in varying frequencies to affect response and extinction rates
- Variable Ratio Schedule
- Reinforcing an average number of responses.
- food pellet on average every 10 lever presses, sometimes after 8, sometimes after 12 presses
- Reinforcing an average number of responses.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule
- Reinforcing a fixed number of responses.
- food pellet for every 10 lever presses in a Skinner box
- Reinforcing a fixed number of responses.
- Variable Interval Schedule
- Reinforcing after an average amount of time.
- food pellet on average each minute, sometimes after 50 seconds, sometimes after 70 seconds.
- Reinforcing after an average amount of time.
- Fixed Interval Schedule
- Reinforcing after a fixed amount of time.
- food pellet for a lever press each minute in a Skinner box
- Reinforcing after a fixed amount of time.
- Variable Ratio Schedule
- Continuous Schedules - Reinforcing every response made
- Reinforcement
- Learning through the consequences of behavioural responses
- Thorndike's Law of Effect.
- Any response that led to desirable consequences was more likely to occur again
- Any response that led to undesirable consequences was less likely to occur again
- Operant Conditioning
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