Obedience - Milgram continued

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  • Created by: HLOldham
  • Created on: 18-11-16 00:13
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  • Obedience - Milgram (1963, 1974) continued
    • Results
      • When the teacher could neither see nor hear the learner, no participant stopped before 300v.
        • At 300v the learner kicked the wall and stopped answering.
      • The closer proximity the teacher was to the learner, the less obedient the participant was.
      • 65% of the participants showed maximum obedience, with a mean maximum of 405 volts.
        • Full obedience meant participants administered the 450v shock three times.
    • Variations of Milgram's experiment
      • Closeness of the victim
        • Remote: 65% obedience.
        • Voice feedback: 62.5% obedience.
        • Proximity: 40% obedience.
        • Touch proximity: 30% obedience.
      • Authority of the experimenter
        • Experimenter absent: 20.5% obedience.
        • Experimenter in an office building: 48% obedience.
        • Ordinary person (confederate)giving the order: 20% obedience.
          • 69% did not stop the confederate from carrying on.
        • Two experimenters giving contradictory commands: all participants refused to continue.
      • Group influence
        • Confederate  administered the shocks: 92.5% obedience.
        • Two confederates rebelled: 10% obedience.
    • What causes obedience?
      • Personal characteristics
        • Obedient participants were more likely to have technical rather than social professions (people in a social profession are seen to have more empathy than those in a technical profession). 
          • Obedient participants had a lower level of education.
        • There were generally no gender differences.
          • There were some exceptions.
        • Obedient participants has served longer in the army.
          • The exception being officers who were more defiant.
        • Obedient participants had significantly higher authoritarian values (f-scale) Adorno et el 1953l
        • Personal characteristics can explain some things, but not everything.
      • Milgram's explanation
        • Humans have potential for obedience which has been strengthened because of the survival of hierarchy.
          • Allows them to cope better with threats from the environment.
          • Gives stability and harmony to relations within groups.
        • Humans learn that obedience is usually rewarded, from experiences in their family and institutional settings.
          • You learn obedience from a young age, e.g. from parent praise,
            • This, in combination with an ideology that justifies obedience (scientific process), results in obedience.
        • People move from a self-directed, autonomous state to an agent state: they come to see themselves as an agent who acts on behalf of someone else.
          • Properties of an agent state
            • Tuning, i.e. maximal receptivity to the authority while the learner's protests are shut out.
            • Redefining  the meaning of the situation as one of supporting science.
            • Loss of personal responsibility.
            • Inhibition of self-evaluation
        • Binding factors
          • The main factors that keep a person in the agent state
            • The sequential nature of the action.
            • Situational obligation caused by the agreement to take part.
            • The anxiety caused by anticipating the conflict that would arise when refusing to continue the experiment.

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