Obedience - Milgram continued
- Created by: HLOldham
- Created on: 18-11-16 00:13
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- Obedience - Milgram (1963, 1974) continued
- Results
- When the teacher could neither see nor hear the learner, no participant stopped before 300v.
- At 300v the learner kicked the wall and stopped answering.
- The closer proximity the teacher was to the learner, the less obedient the participant was.
- 65% of the participants showed maximum obedience, with a mean maximum of 405 volts.
- Full obedience meant participants administered the 450v shock three times.
- When the teacher could neither see nor hear the learner, no participant stopped before 300v.
- Variations of Milgram's experiment
- Closeness of the victim
- Remote: 65% obedience.
- Voice feedback: 62.5% obedience.
- Proximity: 40% obedience.
- Touch proximity: 30% obedience.
- Authority of the experimenter
- Experimenter absent: 20.5% obedience.
- Experimenter in an office building: 48% obedience.
- Ordinary person (confederate)giving the order: 20% obedience.
- 69% did not stop the confederate from carrying on.
- Two experimenters giving contradictory commands: all participants refused to continue.
- Group influence
- Confederate administered the shocks: 92.5% obedience.
- Two confederates rebelled: 10% obedience.
- Closeness of the victim
- What causes obedience?
- Personal characteristics
- Obedient participants were more
likely to have technical rather than social professions (people in a social
profession are seen to have more empathy than those in a technical profession).
- Obedient participants had a lower level of education.
- There were generally no gender differences.
- There were some exceptions.
- Obedient participants has served longer in the army.
- The exception being officers who were more defiant.
- Obedient participants had significantly higher authoritarian values (f-scale) Adorno et el 1953l
- Personal characteristics can explain some things, but not everything.
- Obedient participants were more
likely to have technical rather than social professions (people in a social
profession are seen to have more empathy than those in a technical profession).
- Milgram's explanation
- Humans have potential for obedience which has been strengthened because of the survival of hierarchy.
- Allows them to cope better with threats from the environment.
- Gives stability and harmony to relations within groups.
- Humans learn that obedience is usually rewarded, from experiences in their family and institutional settings.
- You learn obedience from a young age, e.g. from parent praise,
- This, in combination with an ideology that justifies obedience (scientific process), results in obedience.
- You learn obedience from a young age, e.g. from parent praise,
- People move from a self-directed, autonomous state to an agent state: they come to see themselves as an agent who acts on behalf of someone else.
- Properties of an agent state
- Tuning, i.e. maximal receptivity to the authority while the learner's protests are shut out.
- Redefining the meaning of the situation as one of supporting science.
- Loss of personal responsibility.
- Inhibition of self-evaluation
- Properties of an agent state
- Binding factors
- The main factors that keep a person in the agent state
- The sequential nature of the action.
- Situational obligation caused by the agreement to take part.
- The anxiety caused by anticipating the conflict that would arise when refusing to continue the experiment.
- The main factors that keep a person in the agent state
- Humans have potential for obedience which has been strengthened because of the survival of hierarchy.
- Personal characteristics
- Results
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