Nucleic acids
- Created by: gsemma
- Created on: 07-03-19 09:51
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- Nucleic acids
- Nucleotides, ATP and ADP
- Bases
- Guanine
- Purines
- bond together
- Pyrimidines
- Hydrogen bonds
- strong enough to maintian DNA and weak enough to be unzipped
- bond together
- Purines
- Thymine (DNA only)
- Pyrimidines
- Adenine
- Purines
- bond together
- Hydrogen bonds
- strong enough to maintian DNA and weak enough to be unzipped
- Hydrogen bonds
- bond together
- Purines
- Cytosine
- Uracil (RNA only)
- structure
- Guanine
- Bases
- Sugar phosphate backbone
- nucleotides bond my a condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds between the ribose sugar and phosphate groups
- the continuous chain forms the protective backbone which protects the highly reactive bases
- Sugar phosphate backbone
- nucleotides bond my a condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds between the ribose sugar and phosphate groups
- the continuous chain forms the protective backbone which protects the highly reactive bases
- two polynucleotide chains running in antiparallel in a double helix shape
- codes for millions of different proteins
- Deoxyribose Acid (DNA)
- two polynucleotide chains running in antiparallel in a double helix shape
- codes for millions of different proteins
- Deoxyribose Acid (DNA)
- function
- infomation store- triplet codes for protein synthesis
- needs to be replicable- preserve vase pairing preserving infomation
- long molecule - lots of info can be stored- double helix provides stability
- to extract- break up DNA containing tissue, add a detergent and shake with ethanol to precipitate the DNA out of the solution
- DNA replication
- 1. DNA unzips breaking the H bonds. Enzyme- DNA Helicase
- 2. Exposed nucleotides act as a template for new DNA strand
- 3. free nucleotides move towards base pairs
- 4. DNA polymerase bonds to nucleotides forming new SP backbone
- 5. semi-conservative- one original strand and one new strand
- preserves genetic infomation and coding for the specific proteins mutations do rarely occur
- evidence- labelling nucleotides with different N isotopes
- 1. grow bacteria on a medium containing only 15N. bacteria will only have 15N in DNA
- 2. transfer bacteria to medium containing only 14N and allow to reproduce once.
- 3. extract DNA
- 4. if DNA contains a mixture of half 14N and half 15N semiconservativeve
- 3. extract DNA
- 2. transfer bacteria to medium containing only 14N and allow to reproduce once.
- 1. grow bacteria on a medium containing only 15N. bacteria will only have 15N in DNA
- evidence- labelling nucleotides with different N isotopes
- preserves genetic infomation and coding for the specific proteins mutations do rarely occur
- 5. semi-conservative- one original strand and one new strand
- 4. DNA polymerase bonds to nucleotides forming new SP backbone
- 3. free nucleotides move towards base pairs
- 2. Exposed nucleotides act as a template for new DNA strand
- 1. DNA unzips breaking the H bonds. Enzyme- DNA Helicase
- function
- Deoxyribose Acid (DNA)
- codes for millions of different proteins
- function
- infomation store- triplet codes for protein synthesis
- needs to be replicable- preserve vase pairing preserving infomation
- long molecule - lots of info can be stored- double helix provides stability
- to extract- break up DNA containing tissue, add a detergent and shake with ethanol to precipitate the DNA out of the solution
- DNA replication
- 1. DNA unzips breaking the H bonds. Enzyme- DNA Helicase
- 2. Exposed nucleotides act as a template for new DNA strand
- 3. free nucleotides move towards base pairs
- 4. DNA polymerase bonds to nucleotides forming new SP backbone
- 5. semi-conservative- one original strand and one new strand
- preserves genetic infomation and coding for the specific proteins mutations do rarely occur
- evidence- labelling nucleotides with different N isotopes
- 1. grow bacteria on a medium containing only 15N. bacteria will only have 15N in DNA
- 2. transfer bacteria to medium containing only 14N and allow to reproduce once.
- 3. extract DNA
- 4. if DNA contains a mixture of half 14N and half 15N semiconservativeve
- 3. extract DNA
- 2. transfer bacteria to medium containing only 14N and allow to reproduce once.
- 1. grow bacteria on a medium containing only 15N. bacteria will only have 15N in DNA
- evidence- labelling nucleotides with different N isotopes
- preserves genetic infomation and coding for the specific proteins mutations do rarely occur
- 5. semi-conservative- one original strand and one new strand
- 4. DNA polymerase bonds to nucleotides forming new SP backbone
- 3. free nucleotides move towards base pairs
- 2. Exposed nucleotides act as a template for new DNA strand
- 1. DNA unzips breaking the H bonds. Enzyme- DNA Helicase
- two polynucleotide chains running in antiparallel in a double helix shape
- Deoxyribose Acid (DNA)
- codes for millions of different proteins
- two polynucleotide chains running in antiparallel in a double helix shape
- the continuous chain forms the protective backbone which protects the highly reactive bases
- nucleotides bond my a condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds between the ribose sugar and phosphate groups
- Sugar phosphate backbone
- the continuous chain forms the protective backbone which protects the highly reactive bases
- nucleotides bond my a condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds between the ribose sugar and phosphate groups
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- a short polynucleotide chain
- used to transfer genetic infomation to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- a short polynucleotide chain
- used to transfer genetic infomation to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- used to transfer genetic infomation to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- a short polynucleotide chain
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- used to transfer genetic infomation to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- a short polynucleotide chain
- ATP and ADP
- ATP- adenosine triphosphate- three phosphate bases
- ATP dephosphorylated into ADP- catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase
- ADP- adenosine diphosphate- two phosphates
- uses
- Metabolic proceses
- Anabolic- building molecules form smaller ones
- Catabolic- breaking down molecules into smaller ones
- Movement- muscle contraction requires ATP
- Active transport- carrier proteins use it to change shape and move molecules against the conc' grad.
- Secretion- formation of vesicles
- Activation of molecules- inorganic phosphate produced in ATP hydrolysis id used to phosphorylate other molecules making them more reactive
- Metabolic proceses
- ATP dephosphorylated into ADP- catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase
- ADP- adenosine diphosphate- two phosphates
- image
- ATP- adenosine triphosphate- three phosphate bases
- Nucleotides, ATP and ADP
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