Non-Verbal Communication
- Created by: Lucy Stevens
- Created on: 16-09-13 10:39
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- Non-Verbal Communication
- What is it?
- Body language
- Consciously&sub-consciously illustrates relationships with emotions and others
- CODES we can analyse to de-code emotions, social interaction and relationships
- Functions
- Accompanies our words- underlining/ reinforcing verbal signals
- E.g Gesticulation
- May contradict what is said
- Argyle. NVC is 5X more effective. However, VC necesary for full understanding
- Replaces speech if there are barriers to VC
- Helps to coordinate turn-taking
- Non verbal cues- more reliable guide to feelings
- Desmond Morris- "Non-verbal leakage"
- Self presentation
- Social rituals and signifying changes in role/status
- Accompanies our words- underlining/ reinforcing verbal signals
- Eye contact
- Using our eyes in social interaction
- Signals attention and understanding
- Provides feedback and illustrates turn-taking
- Lack of eye contact-> lack of interest/ confidence
- Cultural. Britain taught rude to stare
- Facial Expression
- In born and universal. Same expression can be used in different cultures
- Communicates friendship & danger
- Visible when words unavailable e.g dangerous situation
- Ekman & Friesen (1972) 6 universal expressions
- Anger
- Sadness
- Happiness
- Surprise
- Fear
- Disgust
- Gestures
- An action that communicates some meaning in an interaction
- Conscious or Unconscious
- Deliberate-e.g beckoning
- Involuntary e.g scratching your head to communicate nervousness
- Posture
- The way we unconsciously arrange our bodies when we stand/sit/lie down/walk
- MAKE a gesture but ADOPT a posture
- The communicators intenions
- Relationships-unconscious imitation illustrates closeness
- Postural echo/postural congruence
- Stronger bond-more mirroring of body movements
- IMMEDIACY
- Leaning forward, touching, close proximity, direct gaze or eye contact, direct orientation
- Attraction/ friendship/ mild submission
- Relaxation
- Symmetrical positioning of arms & legs. Upright torso and upper body. Sideways/ backwards lean. Relaxed hands
- Confidence, power, authority, higher status, domination
- Proximity
- Power/role/status
- The distance between the individual and who they're communicating with
- Rules differ between cultures
- Britain- more protective of personal space and dislikes close proximity
- Intimacy Equilibrium Argyle & Dean (1995)
- Interaction which takes place in a confined space with strangers
- Compensates for socialsituation
- Reduces body, cease eye contact and put up barriers
- Orientation
- The way we position ourselves in relation to others
- More we face someone- more attention given
- Hostility-turning your back
- Attraction- feet pointing towards them
- Touch
- Non verbal communication through physical contact
- Active/Haptic
- Explore envirmonment
- Passive
- Receive from others
- Rules and taboos
- Can have a range of meanings. Can be decoded
- Gender touches differently
- Jones & Yarborough (1985)
- Playful
- Control
- Rituals
- Positive effect (reassurance- sexual)
- Mixed
- Task related
- Accidental
- Paralanguage
- A form on NVC which uses the voice
- VOCAL but non-verbal
- English is stressed and therefore creates intonation in voices and speech
- Controlled Paralanguage
- Can illustrate that the person is confident and articulate
- Power and status
- Uncontrolled Paralanguage
- Can illustrate that the person is nervous, lacks confidence or is unprepared
- Ums, ers, utterances, filters, pauses, intonation, tone, pitch, volume, speed, hesitancy, breaths
- A form on NVC which uses the voice
- Dress & Appearance
- Expresses personality and identity
- Job role and occupation
- Status and power
- Specific occasion
- Group membership (subculture)
- What is it?
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