Near & Middle Eastern Art History

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  • Near & Middle East
    • Mecca & Medina
      • Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca + 1/5 pillars of Islam
        • performed around the Kabba which is located in city of Mecca
      • Near city is Jabal al-Nour = Mountain of Light
        • Location of cave Hira where Muhammad received his first revelations of the Quran
    • Jerusalem & Damascus
      • The Great Mosque of Damascus
        • Built from 705-715 CE by patron of Umayyad dynasty al-Walid I
    • The Abbasids
      • Baghdad
        • founded by 2nd Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur, 762 AD
        • was called Madinat al-Salam = the city of peace
        • Al-Mansur founded a palace library -> evolved into The House of Wisdom according to some sources
      • translation movement + transmission of knowledge
      • Samarra
        • becomes 2nd capital of the Abbasids in 836 CE
        • gradual detachment from classical art forms for preffered stylisations, 8th-10th C.
    • Cordoba & Fez
      • Great Mosque of Cordoba = founded in 785 CE by Abd al-Rahman
      • Iltifat = to turn, bend
    • Ilkhanids
      • 1256-1353
      • key manuscripts, 1299-1330
        • Kitab Manafi, al-Hayawan (Book on The Usefulness of Animals)
        • Rashid al-Din, Jami al-Tawarikh (Collection of Chronicles)
        • Firdawsi, Shahnama (Book of Kings)
    • Aleppo & Cairo
      • Great Mosque of Aleppo
    • The Safavids: Isfahan
      • City in Iran, built by Shah Abbas I
      • trade + connections with Europe
      • Shah Abbas I
        • greatest Safavid monarch
        • moved capital to Isfahan in 1598 + built royal city
      • Maydan-i-Shah
        • large open square lined with shops on two levels + monumental structure in centre
      • Mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah, 1602
        • placed east of the Maydan with golden tilted dome
        • Constructed for important Shaykh + used as private chapel of the Shah and his family
      • Masjid-i-Shah, built 1612-1338
        • congregational 4-iwan mosque, south of the Maydan
        • has magnificent portal flanked by two minarets + tiled dome
    • The Ottomans: Istanbul
      • Turkish dynasty that ruled Anatolia + much of Eastern Europe + Middle East, 1281-1924
      • Koca Sinan (1499?-1588)
        • Greatest Ottoman architect, influencing the development of Ottoman architecture + producing its most celebrated masterpieces
        • civil engineer who becomes an architect at age 50 (1539) + served as chief architect for 50 years, 1538-1588
        • built or supervised a total of 316 structures in Istanbul alone
      • Suleyman
        • 10th + greatest sultan of Ottoman Empire (1520-66)
        • enforced Sunni Islam to counter Safavid Shiism in Iran
        • presided over a revival of the arts, literature and Ottoman literary language, patronized architect Sinan + wrote poetry for wife Hurrem (Roxelana)
      • Hagia Sofia, built 532-37
        • previously a cathedral, Orthodox and Roman Catholic

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