Ethics
- Created by: Sailing26880
- Created on: 02-05-18 11:15
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- Natural Moral Law
- Aquinas, eternal, divine, human and natural law
- Reason - Primary and secondary precepts
- Preserving life
- Reproducing
- Learning
- Living in a Peaceful and Orderly Society
- Worshiping God
- Apparent vs Real Good's
- Reason - Primary and secondary precepts
- It is a rational, autonomous theory appealing to rationalists and non-believers
- It has a degree of flexibility
- There seems something correct in the idea that fulfilling our purpose makes us happy
- It has a degree of flexibility
- Luther
- Human beings cannot work out right and wrong themselves
- The naturalistic fallacy - is to ought
- there is no such thing as a single human nature (Neilson)
- The idea of purpose can be challenged
- there is no such thing as a single human nature (Neilson)
- Aquinas, eternal, divine, human and natural law
- Situation Ethics
- Fletcher : agape
- four working principles
- Relativism (no fixed rules)
- Pragmatism (consequences of our actions)
- Positivism (we should always act out of love)
- Personalism (people before rules)
- four working principles
- Many people agree with the consequentalist approach
- The idea of agape is in keeping with the idea of Jesus
- The four working principles seem both practical and value people
- The ethical theory works in the fur examples (POW pregnant)
- The four working principles seem both practical and value people
- The idea of agape is in keeping with the idea of Jesus
- Barclay
- it is too optimistic about Human nature
- it contradicts a lot of the bible
- Not everyone agrees that the ends justifies the means
- The concept of agape is too ambitious
- Fletcher : agape
- Kantian Ethics
- Kant good will and duty
- 3 formulations of the categorical imperative
- Human Ends: humane are not ends to means but ends them selves
- Universability : should act as you would want everyone too act
- Kingdom of ends: act as if everyone follows the categorical imperative
- 3 formulations of the categorical imperative
- clear example of lying
- it avoids the problem of util where you treat minorities wrong
- there is something right about human worth
- it is in keeping with christian values
- there is something right about human worth
- it avoids the problem of util where you treat minorities wrong
- Singer
- it removes sympathy and compassion from ethics
- Blackburn
- are there fixed moral truths, not paying back loans
- it ignores the importance of consequences
- Kant good will and duty
- Utilitarianism
- Bentham and Act Util
- "greatest pleasure for the greatest number of people"
- many people agree with the consequentalist approach
- hedonic calculus gives us guidance about how to act morally
- Intensity, purity, duration, extent and certainty
- hedonic calculus gives us guidance about how to act morally
- Noick
- Ross
- Vardy
- It seems too complicated to see into future pleasures
- Act util values the quantity of pleasure instead of the quality of it
- we have prima facies duties which over rule this (it ignores justice )
- Vardy
- Pleasure isn't the only important thing
- Ross
- Mill and Rule Util
- higher and lower pleasures, loose rules as well
- it solves some of the problems of act util, hedonic being too complicated
- it is hard to distinguish higher and lower pleasures
- Bentham and Act Util
- Euthanasia
- Sanctity of life
- life is sacred and so Euthanasia is wrong
- clear cut
- supported by the bible
- logical so can be accepted by atheists
- not everyone agrees with the bile
- the bible contradicts itself
- life is sacred and so Euthanasia is wrong
- Quality of life
- life should be viewed by its value
- it is how we treat all other creature bar humans
- it is how many people feel and we should respect their wishes
- People may change their mind about the quality of life
- Medical advancements occur too fast they could be cured
- it is how we treat all other creature bar humans
- life should be viewed by its value
- Natural Law
- Supports the sanctity of life (precept preserving life)
- it assumes humans have a purpose
- many people disagree with ignoring the wishes of the people involved
- Supports the sanctity of life (precept preserving life)
- Kantian Ethics
- means to ends so no euthanasia
- it avoids the slippery slope of allowing euthanasia in some situations
- it doesn't recognize peoples wishes
- it avoids the slippery slope of allowing euthanasia in some situations
- means to ends so no euthanasia
- Situation Ethics
- act out of agape
- it is in keeping with what most people actually believe
- the concept of agape is too vague
- it is in keeping with what most people actually believe
- act out of agape
- Utilitarianism
- mixed views what most people want
- it could justify keeping people alive without their consent for family members
- people could say it is for the greater good but it isn't
- it promotes happiness and pragmatic response
- mixed views what most people want
- Sanctity of life
- Business Ethics
- Issues
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- businesses should self regulate themselves to be socially responsible
- Whistle-Blowing
- When a business behaves unethically an employee might whistle blow
- Good Ethics is Good Business
- By being ethical a business is likely to attract more customers
- Globalisation
- the spread of business across the world makes ethics more complicated
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- Theories
- Friedman: Businesses are only responsible to their shareholders
- Against Social responsibility as the first thing is the profits
- Hutton: Stakeholder Theory
- customers, employees and shareholders are the most important
- Smith: The Invisible-Hand Theory
- the business is driven by its consumers, so the consumer should by ethically
- Friedman: Businesses are only responsible to their shareholders
- Natural Law
- what is the purpose of humans, business have the moral responsibility to help us
- it assumes people have a purpose
- Quite a few people disagree with things like natural law
- it assumes people have a purpose
- what is the purpose of humans, business have the moral responsibility to help us
- Kantian Ethics
- Businesses are responsible to everyone
- Kant doesn't offer any solutions for conflicting duties
- promotes justice
- people before profit
- Businesses are responsible to everyone
- Situation Ethics
- act out of agape (Jesus on Sabbath money lenders)
- it seems in keeping with what most people actually believe
- The concept of agape is too vague
- act out of agape (Jesus on Sabbath money lenders)
- Utilitarianism
- Close to invisible hand, majority happy
- it protects the general welfare of the majority
- it seems to reflect how most businesses operate
- there is no protection of the minorities
- it implies it is the responsibilities for the people to be ethical
- it protects the general welfare of the majority
- Close to invisible hand, majority happy
- Issues
- Meta-Ethics
- what does good and right mean
- Hume's Fork: empirically or analytical known
- ethical statements are neither so cannot be objective
- Hume's Fork: empirically or analytical known
- Intuitionism
- G.E. Moore, good is ineffable so cannot be verified, intuition (yellow)
- Prichard - many people feel their intuitions are self evident
- Ross - some prima-facie duties we have intuitively
- it doesn't solve Humes for as they are still not verifiable
- it replaces natural properties with non-natural properties
- if morals are intuitive then why do people do wrong
- it replaces natural properties with non-natural properties
- Prichard - many people feel their intuitions are self evident
- G.E. Moore, good is ineffable so cannot be verified, intuition (yellow)
- Ethical Naturalism
- good relates to natural qualities (Bentham Util)
- many peopel do apperar to believe ethical statements are objective
- people do look at the natural world to work out what is good
- Hume - nat fal - is to ought
- Moore - open question, not everyone agrees with what good is
- many peopel do apperar to believe ethical statements are objective
- good relates to natural qualities (Bentham Util)
- Emotivism
- Ayer - show our emotions (Hurrah Boo Theory)
- it is supported by Hume's Fork
- it explains opposing views
- many people feel they are objective not subjective
- we cannot justify a legal system
- it is supported by Hume's Fork
- Ayer - show our emotions (Hurrah Boo Theory)
- what does good and right mean
- The Consience
- St. Aquinas
- Syneresis (innate do good) VS Consientia (judgement using reason)
- Vincible Ignorance: wrong as didnt know rule applied in situation
- Invincible Ignorance: wrong as didn't know moral rule in first place (not to blame)
- thee seems something right about real and apparent goods
- too much disagreement about what is right and wrong
- it doesn't appeal to Catholics
- Syneresis (innate do good) VS Consientia (judgement using reason)
- Freud
- id (unconscious mind) Super ego (morals given by outside) and ego (our conscious self balancing)
- it explains cultural differences
- Dawkins: the selfish gene supports super ego
- people have an innate sense of right and wrong so it cannot be learnt in upbringing
- it explains cultural differences
- id (unconscious mind) Super ego (morals given by outside) and ego (our conscious self balancing)
- St. Aquinas
- Sexual Ethics
- Pre and Extra marital Sex
- Christians- against it St. Paul and celibacy- nowadays in a loving relationship is ok
- Libitarian- ok if two consenting adults
- Feminism - bible is outdated and male dominated
- Libitarian- ok if two consenting adults
- Christians- against it St. Paul and celibacy- nowadays in a loving relationship is ok
- Homo Sexuality
- Christian Views - is a sin but some accept it
- Science- could be caused by genes so is not a choice
- Christian Views - is a sin but some accept it
- Natural Law
- it is against pre and extra marital sex, homosexuality is a choice to rebel against God
- it is never explained why Sex has to take lace within a marriage
- it is outdated with modern views
- sex acts which cannot produce childeren can be seen as sinful
- it is outdated with modern views
- it is never explained why Sex has to take lace within a marriage
- it is against pre and extra marital sex, homosexuality is a choice to rebel against God
- Kantian Ethics
- duty extra is clearly wrong, pre is more lust then doing duty same for homosexuality
- it reflects the promises made during marriage
- the view of sex is cold and ignores emotions
- it reflects the promises made during marriage
- duty extra is clearly wrong, pre is more lust then doing duty same for homosexuality
- Situation Ethics
- is the action carried out through agape
- it reflects modern views (60s written)
- the concept of agape it too vague
- it reflects modern views (60s written)
- is the action carried out through agape
- Utilitarianism
- pre will case happiness, others depends on situation
- in keeping with modern views
- it doesn't rely on any religion
- it prevents extra marital sex when it cases harm
- it could allow adultery if your partner never finds out
- it can be abused y majority rule
- it could allow adultery if your partner never finds out
- it prevents extra marital sex when it cases harm
- it doesn't rely on any religion
- in keeping with modern views
- pre will case happiness, others depends on situation
- Pre and Extra marital Sex
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