Natural-law
- Created by: getrevision16
- Created on: 14-04-18 13:21
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- Natural-Law
- Origins
- Aristotle: believes that everything has purpose and that this was universal standard of behaviour.If
we fulfil that purpose we are good but if not we are bad-" a good knife is one that
cuts well: that's what its designed to do".
- Cicero:True law is right reason in
agreement with nature; it is of universal application, unchanging and
everlasting"
- Stoics-Stoics believed that "there was
a design and purpose to the universe (the Logos), and that ones
morality ought to bfundamental e based on aligning oneself with it."
- If We Want To Behave Morally We Must Fulfil Our
Purpose Which for the Stoics was to "fit in with the
overall plan of the universe",
rather than acting in a way which was influenced by personal gain or happiness.
- Aquinas
- He
claimed that because every human is created by God, our purpose is to live life
according to God's Plan for us
- He
wants humans to act in specific ways and that is why he provided us with rules
which govern how he wants us to behave. If we behave according to the rules we
act morally.
- However, if we disobey God's rules we behave immorally. Therefore, our actions are considered to be intrinsically right or wrong.
- He
wants humans to act in specific ways and that is why he provided us with rules
which govern how he wants us to behave. If we behave according to the rules we
act morally.
- He
claimed that because every human is created by God, our purpose is to live life
according to God's Plan for us
- Aquinas
- If We Want To Behave Morally We Must Fulfil Our
Purpose Which for the Stoics was to "fit in with the
overall plan of the universe",
rather than acting in a way which was influenced by personal gain or happiness.
- Stoics-Stoics believed that "there was
a design and purpose to the universe (the Logos), and that ones
morality ought to bfundamental e based on aligning oneself with it."
- Cicero:True law is right reason in
agreement with nature; it is of universal application, unchanging and
everlasting"
- Aristotle: believes that everything has purpose and that this was universal standard of behaviour.If
we fulfil that purpose we are good but if not we are bad-" a good knife is one that
cuts well: that's what its designed to do".
- Principles/key-features
- primary-Precepts
- W.O.R.L..D
- Aristotle: believed that our purpose is to-do"what-ever conserves life and opposes death"
- secondary-precepts
- Bowie-"secondary precepts are rulings about things that should or shouldn't do because they uphold or fail to uphold the primary precept"
- Role-of-human-reason
- Thompson:human reason is the ability to direct themselves and take responsibility in knowing and doing what God intends for them"
- Reason-built-in sense of right and wrong. Aquinas-allows us to workout what Gods plan for us because scripture does not always tell us what to-do.
- Aquinas:"to disparage the dictate of reason is equivalent to condemning the command of God.
- Thompson-"since natural law is based on reason, it is in principle discoverable by anyone whether religious or not.for the same reason it is universal rather than limited to one religion or culture"
- Aquinas:"to disparage the dictate of reason is equivalent to condemning the command of God.
- Reason-built-in sense of right and wrong. Aquinas-allows us to workout what Gods plan for us because scripture does not always tell us what to-do.
- Thompson:human reason is the ability to direct themselves and take responsibility in knowing and doing what God intends for them"
- Apparent-goods
- Aquinas-Acknowledged human reason. However,human experience has shown"humans are fallible in their use of practical reason"
- Aquinas:people act immorally because they seek an apparent good rather than a real good.He says "no evil can be desirable,either by natural appetite or conscious will.it is sought indirectly,namely because it is the consequence of some good"
- Aquinas-Acknowledged human reason. However,human experience has shown"humans are fallible in their use of practical reason"
- interior/exterioracts
- Aquinas-internal intention just as important as the external act.
- Doctrine-of-double-effect
- Bowie-"If my primary intention was good, I should not be blamed for any secondary effects that result.".
- Acts/omissions-doctrine
- Acts/omissions-makes an ethical difference between doing something and letting something happen
- Blackburn-"Absence
of bodily movement can also constitute acting negligently, or deliberately, and
depending on the context may be a way of ... killing."
- Phillipa foot"we
should ask whether there is any difference from the moral point of view between
what one does or causes and what one merely allows. It seems clear that on
occasions one is just as bad as the other".
- singer/Rachels-reject acts/omissions- They argue that for instance stopping
treatment removing feeding tube with these actions is likely to bring about the
death of a patient is deliberate acts not omissions.
- They
argue that in some cases letting patient die by stopping treatment can cause
the patient greater suffering.Untitled
- Hope-"It is perverse to seek a sense of ethical purity when this is gained at the expense of the suffering of others.”
- They
argue that in some cases letting patient die by stopping treatment can cause
the patient greater suffering.Untitled
- singer/Rachels-reject acts/omissions- They argue that for instance stopping
treatment removing feeding tube with these actions is likely to bring about the
death of a patient is deliberate acts not omissions.
- Phillipa foot"we
should ask whether there is any difference from the moral point of view between
what one does or causes and what one merely allows. It seems clear that on
occasions one is just as bad as the other".
- Blackburn-"Absence
of bodily movement can also constitute acting negligently, or deliberately, and
depending on the context may be a way of ... killing."
- Acts/omissions-makes an ethical difference between doing something and letting something happen
- primary-Precepts
- Origins
- Proportionalism
- Bernard-Hoose
- Vardy&Grosch-"Proportionalism-holds that there are certain moral rules and that it can never be right to go against these rules unless there is a proportionate reason to justify it"
- Proportionalism was condemned by the Catholic church.
- Natural law-strength(Right)/weaknesses(left)
- It provides Christians with the knowledge and
certainty of rules which can never be broken.
- absolute
- doesn't apply to everyone
- Legalistic
- It provides Christians with the knowledge and
certainty of rules which can never be broken.
- Assisted conception
- IVF-NATURAL-LAW
- Destruction of life.
- Catholics
believe that sexual intercourse must have both unitive and procreative purposes
and therefore it is immoral for reproduction to occur without sexual
intercourse.
- Wilcockson comments that "the
process of creating life is not just a biological one but one in which requires
the intimacy and love of two individuals to create another human being who is
loved and wanted"
- Entrusts the life and identity of the embryo in to the power of doctors".
- Wilcockson comments that "the
process of creating life is not just a biological one but one in which requires
the intimacy and love of two individuals to create another human being who is
loved and wanted"
- Presbyterian church says "we believe in the sanctity of life from conception...."
- Wyatt-"a commodity at our disposal"
- SURROGACY-NATURAL-LAW
- involves the use of IVF therefore for Christians the same ethical issues still apply
- IVF-NATURAL-LAW
- LIFE/DEATH-ISSUES-
- EUTHANASIA
- Contrary to primary precept to preserve life.
- Human life is sacred.
- Vardy&Grosch--""if you are a religious believer and consider that life is a gift from God, then you may well argue that your life is not your own. Only God has the right to take life and you have no right to put an end to it early."
- Jenkins-humans
must "accept suffering as we accept
happiness and joy."
- Tyler-An illness which in natural death represents a complete life, brought to an end by God within his own timing and purpose, whereas euthanasia represents a challenge to God's divine will"
- Human life is sacred.
- Refer to acts/omission doctrine.
- SINGER/RACHELS-REJECT-ACTS/OMISSIONS.
- Difference between active/passive euthanasia
- Contrary to primary precept to preserve life.
- Tyler-An illness which in natural death represents a complete life, brought to an end by God within his own timing and purpose, whereas euthanasia represents a challenge to God's divine will"
- EUTHANASIA
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