Human Biology Unit 1 - Molecules OCR
Mindmap of molecules section of unit 1
- Created by: heyitsebs
- Created on: 06-04-14 13:58
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- Molecules
- Proteins
- Primary
- Sequence / Chain of Amino Acids
- Polypeptide
- Break the chain = Hydrolysis - Water + Enzyme
- Peptide Bond
- Sequence / Chain of Amino Acids
- Secondary
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Folding of polypeptide chain
- Alpha helix
- Beta-Pleated Sheet
- Tertiary
- Hydrogen
- Weak
- Folds into a 3D shape
- Disulphide
- Strong - Amino Acids - Sulphur R Groups
- Ionic
- Amino Acids - Charged R Group
- Hydrophobic
- Interactions between non-polar R groups
- Hydrogen
- Condensation Reaction
- Two amnio acids joined by a peptide bond
- Quaternary
- 2 Polypeptide chains
- Haemoglobin
- 4 polypeptide chains - each with a heam - prosthetic group
- 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
- O2 combines with haem - molecule changes shape so the next haem can pick up O2
- In the middle of each haem group = iron - combines with oxygen , each haemoglobin molecule = 4 oxygen
- Enzymes and Antibodies
- Primary
- Carbohydrates
- C6H1206
- Alpha and Beta
- Beta = inverted
- Alpha and Beta
- Monomer
- Monosacchariide
- Alpha Glucose
- Sugar - Soluble -Affects Osmosis
- Polysaccharides
- Glycogen
- Alpha Glucose
- insoluble - No Osmotic Effect
- Compact - lots of glucose
- Branched = Easily Hydrolised
- Cellulose
- Beta Glucose
- Long branched strands
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Insoluble
- Glycogen
- Condensation Reaction
- Forms a glycosidic bond
- C6H1206
- Lipids
- Triglycerides
- Fatty Acids
- Saturated
- Single Bonds - High proportion of H bonds
- Unsaturated
- Double Bonds
- Saturated
- Phospholipids
- Cell surface Membrane
- Hydrophobic tail- Hydrophillic Head
- Cell surface Membrane
- Uses
- Cell membrane
- Energy store
- Healthy Cholestrol
- Steriods
- Condensation Reaction
- Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
- Ester Bond
- Water
- Polar Molecule
- Attracted to other water molecules by hydrogen bonds
- positive H atoms are attracted to negative O atoms
- Water is a good solvent as it surrounds polar or charged molecules
- Properties
- Solvent
- Acts as a transport for polar or charged molecules
- High Latent Heat
- For vaporisation - makes cells hiigh in water thermostable and allows cooling for thermoregulation
- High Cohesion
- Molecules stick together = ideal for support , e.g. amniotic fluid
- Good Lubricant
- Due to being cohesive and adhesive
- Mucus
- Due to being cohesive and adhesive
- Solvent
- Plasma
- straw coloured liquid of blood
- Ions , Glucose , Amino Acids , Hormones , Urea and CO2 + WATER
- Tissue Fluid
- Returned to the blood plasma via capillaries
- Hydrostaic pressure
- Capillaries = more narrow than arterioles - so pressure builds up which forces tissue fluid out the blood plasma
- At the end of the venule the pressure is higher outside the capillary and tissue fluid is forced back in
- Osmotic Forces
- Hydrostaic pressure
- Returned to the blood plasma via capillaries
- Lympth
- Consists of vessels that drain excess fluid to re join the blood system in the chest cavity
- Contains the same solutes as tissue fluid , less oxygen and nutrients but more CO2 and wastes
- Also contains WBC that engulf and destroy pathogens
- Transportation
- Bulk Transport
- Endocytosis - molecules move to M surface , M invaginates an forms a vesicles , vesicle moves into cytoplasm
- Exocytosis- vesicle moves towrds membrane , vesicle fuses with membrane , molecule released to outside of cell
- Active Transport
- Against the CG , via a carrier protein using ATP
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Charged Molecules or water soluble ones cannot move through membrane
- Carrier Proteins
- Change shape and release molecules on the other side of the membrane
- Channel Proteins
- Form pores allowing some molecules to pass through
- Carrier Proteins
- Passive
- Charged Molecules or water soluble ones cannot move through membrane
- Diffusion
- Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from high - low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
- Passive
- Increased by : Steepness , surface area , distance and temperature
- Water Potential
- Isotonic
- Same water potential as another solution , diffusion at the same rate
- Hypertonic
- solution outside cells contain less water - water leaves cells by osmosis
- Hypotonic
- soultion outside cells contains more water , water enters cells by osmosis
- Isotonic
- Bulk Transport
- Proteins
- Transportation
- Bulk Transport
- Endocytosis - molecules move to M surface , M invaginates an forms a vesicles , vesicle moves into cytoplasm
- Exocytosis- vesicle moves towrds membrane , vesicle fuses with membrane , molecule released to outside of cell
- Active Transport
- Against the CG , via a carrier protein using ATP
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Charged Molecules or water soluble ones cannot move through membrane
- Carrier Proteins
- Change shape and release molecules on the other side of the membrane
- Channel Proteins
- Form pores allowing some molecules to pass through
- Carrier Proteins
- Passive
- Charged Molecules or water soluble ones cannot move through membrane
- Diffusion
- Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from high - low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
- Passive
- Increased by : Steepness , surface area , distance and temperature
- Water Potential
- Isotonic
- Same water potential as another solution , diffusion at the same rate
- Hypertonic
- solution outside cells contain less water - water leaves cells by osmosis
- Hypotonic
- soultion outside cells contains more water , water enters cells by osmosis
- Isotonic
- Bulk Transport
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