Molecular Biology
- Created by: BThorogood
- Created on: 19-02-15 13:47
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- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- MOLECULES
- RIBOSE
- SATURATED FATTY ACID
- AMINO ACID
- UN-SATURATED FATTY ACID
- GLUCOSE
- ALPHA
- BETA
- ALPHA
- RIBOSE
- WATER
- ADHESIVE
- Attracted to other substances
- COHESIVE
- Attracted to other water molecules
- Allows water to move through the xylem
- LATENT HEAT CAPACITY
- Causes rapid cooling
- Allows temperature to be controlled
- HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
- Maintains constant internal body conditions in organisms
- STRUCTURE
- Oxygen is negative, and hydrogen is positive
- Forms hydrogen bonds
- ADHESIVE
- LIPIDS
- ENERGY STORAGE
- short-term storage
- soluble
- easily and more rapidly digested
- fast energy use
- easily transported
- no effect on osmosis
- long-term storage
- difficult to transport
- insoluble
- more energy per gram
- lighter store
- FATTY ACIDS
- Saturated: Every carbon has all of its bonds made
- Unsaturated: At least one carbon bond is free
- Poly-unsaturated: More than one C=C bond
- Mono-unsaturated: One C=C bond
- Cis- isomers
- causes a kink
- same side
- loosely packed
- Trans-isomers
- different side
- can be tightly packed
- doesn't cause a kink
- Cis- isomers
- ENERGY STORAGE
- PROTEINS
- The Levels of Protein Structure
- Primary: The order in which the specific amino acids are combined.
- Secondary: Refers to the coiling or the folding of a polypeptide chain.
- Tertiary: Refers to the 3D structure of the polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary: Refers to the structure of a protein maromolecule formed by interactions between multiple peptide chains.
- POLAR AND NON-POLAR AMINO ACIDS
- Polar
- Hydrophilic R groups.
- For membrane-bound proteins, they line the interior pores.
- For water-soluble proteins, they are found on the surface.
- Non-Polar
- Hydrophobic R groups.
- For water-soluble proteins, they are found in the centre.
- For membrane-bound proteins, they line the interior pores.
- Polar
- TYPES OF PROTEIN
- Rubisco: The enzyme that catalyses the first reaction of the Calvin Cycle.
- Insulin: A hormone, produced by the pancreas, that causes a decrease in blood sugar levels and an increase of sugar inside the body’s cells.
- Rhodopsin: A pigment, found in the retina of the eye, which is particularly useful in conditions of low light.
- Immunoglo-bulin: Another name for an antibody that recognises antigens, as part of the immune system’s response.
- Spider Silk: A fibrous protein spun for making webs and drop lines, and building nests
- Collagen: The main protein component of connective tissue, which is mostly found in skin, tendons and ligaments.
- FIBROUS AND GLOBULAR PROTEINS
- FIBROUS PROTEINS
- Stability: Less sensitive to changes in temperature, pH, etc.
- Sequence: Repetitive amino acid sequence.
- Solubility: (Generally) insoluble in water.
- Role: Structural, for strength and support.
- Shape: Long and narrow.
- GLOBULAR PROTEINS
- Shape: Spherical.
- Function: Functional, for transport, catalysing reactions.
- Solubility: (Generally) soluble in water.
- Stability: More sensitive to changes in temperature, pH, etc.
- Sequence: Irregular amino acid sequence.
- FIBROUS PROTEINS
- The Levels of Protein Structure
- SUGARS
- Saccharides
- Monosaccha-rides: glucose; galactose; fructose
- Disaccharid-es: maltose; lactose; sucrose
- Polysacchar-ides: starch; glycogen; cellulose
- USES
- ANIMALS
- Glucose is used as an energy source
- Lactose is the sugar found in milk for newborn babies
- Glycogen is a short term energy store
- PLANTS
- Fructose makes fruits taste sweet
- Sucrose is used as an energy store
- Cellulose fibres make the cell walls strong
- ANIMALS
- Condensation Reaction
- When two monosaccha-rides join to form a disaccharide and release water
- Hydrolysis Reaction
- When a disaccharide is split, with the use of water
- ENERGY STORAGE
- short-term storage
- soluble
- easily and more rapidly digested
- fast energy use
- easily transported
- no effect on osmosis
- long-term storage
- difficult to transport
- insoluble
- more energy per gram
- lighter store
- Saccharides
- MOLECULES
- When two monosaccha-rides join to form a disaccharide and release water
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