Modification 

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  • Modification
    • Strengthening / hardening
      • Hinder movement of dislocations
        • Controlling grain size
          • Reducing continuity of planes
            • Boundaries have different grain orientations
              • Barrier
              • Alignment different
            • Smaller grains
              • Short distances for atom to move along plane
            • Controlled by solidification rate
        • Strain hardening
          • Creating and tangling dislocations
          • Cold working
            • Plastic deformation
              • More dislocations
                • More interact
                  • Decrease mobility
                    • Strengthening
              • Snaps due to fatigue cracking eventually
          • Low temp.
            • Atoms can't rearrange themselves
          • Reduces ductitly
          • Undone by heat treatment
            • Recovery
              • Increase temperature
                • Increases atomic diffusion
                  • Relieves internal strain energy
                  • Freer to move, able to break bonds
                    • Restored to normal place in lattice
            • Recrsytallization
              • New strain free grains nucleate
                • Grow inside old distorted grains
                  • Replace deformed = original state
              • More strained = lower temperature needed + more nuclei for new grains
            • Grain growth
              • Continued exposure to high temperature
                • Grains grow in size
                  • Diffusion across boundries
                    • Larger grains lose fewer atoms and grow at expense of smaller grains
                      • Untitled
        • Alloying
          • Point defects and more grain to pin
          • Other elements added
            • Single phase (one material)
            • Two or more phases
          • Properties manipulated
            • Varying composition
              • Carbon = varied hardness

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