Models of Abnormality
- Created by: Tasleem
- Created on: 19-01-13 20:56
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- Models of Abnormality
- Biological Model
- Biochemistry
- Hirschfield (1999)
- Infection
- Barr et al (1990)
- Neuroanatomy
- Post-mortem studies
- Genetic factors
- Kendler et al (198)
- Kendler et al (1991)
- Berrettini (2000)
- Evaluation
- Clearly successful with particular psychological conditions
- Enormous influence on the terms used in mental disorders and their treatments
- Drug therapies are effective for reducing symptoms
- Doesn't work for all mental illnesses
- Reductionist approach
- Difficult to establish whether any biological difference between individuals with a mental disorder is a by-product of the disorder or a direct cause
- Over-focus is physical symptoms
- Only treats symptoms, not underlying cause
- Can lead to labelling
- Loss of personal responsibility
- Patients may prefer to think of it in medical terms
- Ethnocentric diagnosing
- Drug therapy can cause ne problems
- Doesn't consider environmental factors
- Biochemistry
- Psychodynamic Model
- Psychosexual stages of development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
- Defence Mechanisms
- Repression
- Displacement
- Projection
- Denial
- Kendlar et al (996)
- Caspi et al (1996)
- Evaluation
- First systematic model of abnormality that focused on psychological factors
- Supportive research on childhood trauma explanation
- Blames parents and childhood too much
- Psychoanalysis is still used today
- Over emphasis on sexual factors
- No solid scientific research
- Ignores genetic factors
- Individuals suffering are not to blame
- False memory syndrome
- Ignores importance of cultural differences in sexual attitudes and behaviour
- Resolution occurs through accessing and coming to terms with repressed conflicts
- Psychologists are not cheap
- Psychosexual stages of development
- Behavioural Model
- Classical conditioning
- Pvlov's dogs
- John B Watson and Rosalie Royner (1920)
- Neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus which causes a conditioned response
- Operant conditioning
- Bandura (1986)
- Mineka et al (1984)
- Positive and negative reinforcement
- Operant and Classical conditioning
- Mowner (1947)
- Menzies and Clarke (1993)
- DiNardo et al (1988)
- Evaluation
- Treatment is based on 'changing behaviour' which is dehumanising
- Treatments can be manipulative (aversion therapy)
- Focuses on each individuals experiences and conditioning history means the model is sensitive to cultural and social factors
- Not regarded an illness in this model
- patients are not responsible
- Basic concepts are easier to observe and measure than other models
- Hard to test model because we are rarely able to know everything about a person
- Exaggerates the importance of environmental factors
- Minimises the role of internal processes which makes it harder to observe some disorders
- Conditioning is generally less important in humans than animals
- Oversimplified and narrow
- Small fraction of mental disorders depend on patients conditioning history
- Effective therapies
- Classical conditioning
- Cognitive Model
- Warren and Zgourides (1991)
- Newmark et al (1973)
- Beck (1976)
- Lewinsohn et al (2001)
- Evaluation
- Very influential
- Unclear whether distorted thoughts are cause or consequence
- Focuses on internal, mental influences and individual power
- Limited approach
- Only applied to anxiety disorders and depression
- Blames individual
- Negative thoughts are often entirely rational and unfortunately accurate
- Multi-Dimensional Approach
- Diathesis
- Stress
- Biological Model
- Enormous influence on the terms used in mental disorders and their treatments
- Treatments can be manipulative (aversion therapy)
- Not regarded an illness in this model
- Exaggerates the importance of environmental factors
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