Models of addictive behaviour
- Created by: Izzy
- Created on: 19-11-15 11:42
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- Models of Addictive Behaviour
- Stages
- Initiation: Process where individuals begin to become addicted.
- Maintenance: Process whereby people continue to behave addictively despite adverse consequences.
- Relapse: Process whereby individuals who have given up their habit start to show signs and symptoms of the behaviour again.
- Biological
- Initiation
- Genetic vulnerability.
- Silverstein et al: Found biological factors may influence a persons first experience with cigarettes (nausea, choking) increasing likelihood of becoming a smoker.
- if genetic play a role in gambling, it probably involves inheritance of personality traits. ie. extraversion, sensation-seeking.
- Genetic vulnerability.
- Maintenance
- Physical dependency: Biologically addictive effects
- Nicotine titration model: suggests smokers smoke to maintain certain level of nicotine in their system. Ashton and Stepney: Suggest biological effects also interact with biological processes. ie. effect of nicotine on stress and attention levels.
- Gambling: The adrenaline rush/social relaxation of gambling act as rewards to maintain addictive behaviour.
- Physical dependency: Biologically addictive effects
- Relapse
- Withdrawal effects: Negative reinforcement of avoidance
- Nicotine withdrawal is associated with irritability and weight gain.
- Gamblers miss the physiological rewards of stress reduction or excitement associated with gambling
- Withdrawal effects: Negative reinforcement of avoidance
- Initiation
- Cognitive
- Initiation
- Perceived effects theory
- Expectancies regarding the effects of smoking play a major role. Eiser et al: Veteran smokers transmit positive expectations about the effect of smoking to novices who might be otherwise put off by negative sensations.
- Casinos exploit the sight of others winning to encourage positive expectations about the success of gambling,
- Perceived effects theory
- Maintenance
- Attributions
- Eiser et al: Study of 10,000 British adolescents indicated that teenage smokers acquired expectations of addiction from veteran smokers and had an external locus of control about their health.
- Cognitive distortions and attributions have been applied to persistent gambling in the face of repeated losses. ie. flexible attributions- where gamblers attribute success to their skill but failure to external influences eg. luck.
- Attributions
- Relapse
- Attitudes/ intentions/ beliefs.
- Locus of control- those with external locus of control may fail to take responsibility for changing their own behaviour
- Self-efficacy- those with low self efficacy may feel incapable of changing addictive behaviour.
- Theory of reasoned action- ones own or others beliefs and attitudes about the benefits of changing may negatively affect the intention to do so.
- Attitudes/ intentions/ beliefs.
- Initiation
- Learning model
- Initiation
- Social learning theory
- Suggests children learn addictive behaviour through observation of influential role model.
- Because they selectively see positive rather than negative consequences (winning/popularity). Vicarious learning may lead to initiation of these behaviours.
- Suggests children learn addictive behaviour through observation of influential role model.
- Social learning theory
- Maintenance
- Operant conditioning
- Short term pleasure provides immediate positive reinforcement (reward) overrides long term negative effects (illness/debt) so addiction is maintained.
- Avoiding unpleasant withdrawal symptoms is an example of negative reinforcement for continued use.
- 'Variable ratio reinforcement' payout schedules may maintain gambling
- Short term pleasure provides immediate positive reinforcement (reward) overrides long term negative effects (illness/debt) so addiction is maintained.
- Operant conditioning
- Relapse
- Classical conditioning
- Environmental cues present during performance of addictive behaviour may become associated with that pleasure. The cues then act as prompts, creating a craving for that behaviour. eg. walking into a familiar bar, or seeing a friend with a cigarette/
- Classical conditioning
- Initiation
- Stages
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