Memory
- Created by: meghampton
- Created on: 21-03-17 17:56
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- Memory
- Key terms
- Encoding
- changing information so that it can be stored
- Storage
- holding information in the memory system
- Retrieval
- recovering information from storage
- Reliability
- to the extent of which it can be regarded as accurate
- Leading questions
- hints that a particular answer is required
- Cognitive interview
- questioning witnesses which involves recreating the context of an event
- Stereotype
- over-generalised, oversimplified set of ideas we have about others
- Encoding
- Multi - Store Memory
- memory has more than one store
- Information arrives at our senses and is held at the sensory store - quickly fades, stored for a very long time
- information moves on to the short term memory store for encoding - limited capacity + duration, only 7 pieces at a time
- if rehearsed, information can be transferred to long term memory
- some information is lost through decay
- we can hold from 5-9 objects in short term memory
- Loftus and Palmer 1974
- aim - see if asking leading questions affects accuracy of recall
- 45 participants shown films of car accidents
- split into 5 groups
- they were all given a questionnaire afterwards
- "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other"
- verb hit replaced with smashed, collided, bumped and contacted among the other groups
- mean speed estimate was highest for smashed and lowest for contacted
- smashed - 40 collided - 39 bumped - 38 hit - 34 contacted - 31
- phrasing of a question significantly affects a witnesses response
- smashed - see accident more severe
- Evaluation
- lacks mundane realism
- doesn't have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real life accident
- therefore lacks ecological validity
- used students as participants - not representative of the general population
- easy to replicate - lab experiment which followed a standardised procedure
- lacks mundane realism
- Ceci 1993
- focus on suggestibility of children
- are children reliable witnesses?
- reviewed 100 years worth of studies into children as reliable witnesses
- one study 1911 - describe a person who had approached teacher in the morning
- there was no person but most of them gave an account of him
- some asked to write everything down, some asked direct questions, some mildly leading, some highly misleading
- free recall gave the most accurate statements
- IQ correlates with suggestibility
- social + motivational factors present affected what child revealed
- influenced by interviewer
- children act in accordance with belief of questionner
- Factors affecting E.W.T
- A - amount time suspect was under observation
- D - distance of the witness from event/suspect
- V - visibility
- O - obstructions to witnesses view
- K - know the suspect - seen before?
- A - any special reason to remember the event
- T - time - how long since you saw suspect/event
- E - error or significant discrepancy
- weapons focus effect - memory impaired when weapon is present - threat to us
- moderate anxiety - associated better recall
- Key terms
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