Memory, forgetting and eyewitness testimonies
- Created by: Jack
- Created on: 02-06-13 14:12
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- Memory
- Multi-store model
- Sensory store (info passes through for less than a second) - very limited storage
- Encoding --> Storage --> retrieval
- STUDIES
- Murdock (1962) - recency + primacy effect
- Peterson and Peterson (1959) - rehearsal for short-term store
- Reconstructive memory
- We change what we actually recall so it makes more sense to us.
- Explains why different cultures see things differently to each other...
- ...and also why 2 eyewitnesses can have totally different recollections of the same event.
- Explains why different cultures see things differently to each other...
- STUDIES
- Bartlett (1932) - 'War of the Ghosts' story changed with every telling.
- Unusual story (spirits and ghosts) - harder to remember?
- Wynn and Logie (1998) - first week of university
- Familiar memory - more accurate?
- Bartlett (1932) - 'War of the Ghosts' story changed with every telling.
- We change what we actually recall so it makes more sense to us.
- Levels of processing
- The depth of our thinking affects how well we can recall info.
- Structural processing - thinking about how a word looks
- Phonetic processing - thinking about how a word sounds
- Semantic processing - thinking about what a word means
- Phonetic processing - thinking about how a word sounds
- STUDIES
- Craiik and Lockhart (1972) - semantic 70%, phonetic 35%, structural 15%.
- Forgetting
- Interference
- Retroactive interference - when new info makes it difficult to recall old info
- Proactive interference - when old info makes it difficult to store new info.
- STUDIES
- Underwood and Postman (1960) - one group learnt 2 lists of words pairs, another only learnt 1.
- Retroactive interference - when new info makes it difficult to recall old info
- Context
- Recalling info in the same environment you learnt it in will increase how much you can recall.
- STUDIES
- Godden and Baddeley (1975) - underwater scuba divers vs. learning on land (and vice versa)
- Brain damage
- Anterograde amnesia - when you can't learn new info after the damage.
- Retrograde amnesia - when you can't recall info from before the damage.
- STUDIES
- Miller (1968) - hippocampus removed
- Anterograde amnesia - when you can't learn new info after the damage.
- Interference
- Eyewitness testimonies
- Sometimes no eyewitness is lying when they all have different recollections from the same event due to their memory.
- STUDIES
- Loftus and Palmer (1974) - leading questions - smash/hit
- Bruce and Young (1998) - unfamiliar faces - lecturers students
- Cohen (1981) - stereotypes affecting memory - photo waitress vs. librarian.
- Geiselman (1985) - context - recreating crime scene
- STUDIES
- Sometimes no eyewitness is lying when they all have different recollections from the same event due to their memory.
- Multi-store model
- REHEARSAL
- Short-term store (info passes through for less than a minute) - can hold approximately 7 chunks of info at once.
- Long-term store (can hold unlimited info for up to a lifetime)
- Long-term store (can hold unlimited info for up to a lifetime)
- Short-term store (info passes through for less than a minute) - can hold approximately 7 chunks of info at once.
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