Memory
- Created by: Hema
- Created on: 25-04-15 19:55
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- MEMORY
- Multi Store Model
- Atkinson and Shiffrin outlined a structural, linear model.
- 3 different, but inter-connected stores:
- Short Term Memory: Cap:5-9items Dur:18-30sec Enc:acoustic
- Sensory Store
- Long Term Memory: Cap:unlimited Dur: lifetime En: semantic
- Unitary: each of the stores can process all types of information, but only one type at once.
- can retrieve from LTM to STM
- Lost through displacement, decay or retrieval problems
- STRENGTH: Beardsley - brain scans show different areas of brain active when STM used (pre-frontal cortex) and LTM used: hippocampusshows separate stores
- WEAKNESS: MSM doesn't explain 'flashbulb memories' - don't need rehearsal, significant memories directly imprint on the LTM
- WEAKNESS: MSM fails to explain how memory is affected by head injury- KF motorcycle accident, verbal digit span- 2, Visual and LT memory remained intact. shows must be in separate places
- Short Term Memory
- Capacity
- digit span : PPs hear/read list random digits + serial recall start at 4 go up until can't recall all
- Jacobs: capacity of STMis limited to 5-9items + new info pushes out old, displace
- Miller: capacity is 7+/-2items (magic number 7) applied to words too but can be increased by chunking
- Duration
- Peterson & Peterson - pps presented with trigrams, serial recall after 3,6,9,12,15, 18 seconds. count back in 3s to interfere
- found that after 3secs=80% 18secs=10% accuracy but some=30sec
- in conclusion- duration of the STM is 18-30second
- Encoding
- Baddley aimed to explore the effects of acoustic and semantic encoding on STM + LTM
- STM- pps recall immediately after 5 words either: ac sim ac dissim, sem sim, sem dissimilar
- acoustically similar words were harder to recall in STM than acoustically dissimilar
- semantic similar word had little effect on STM
- STM relies heavily on Acoustic encoding
- Capacity
- Long term Memory
- Bahrik aimed to investigate the duration of VERY LTM
- 392 American, ex-high school students aged 17-74
- Recall tested in 4 ways:
- 1. Name recognition of as many former classmates
- 2. Photo recognition to dentify from 50 photos
- 3. Name recognition test
- 4. Name + Photo match up
- Name matching = after 14yrs:90% 47yrs:60%accurate
- recognition group after: 7yrs:60% 47yrs:20%
- classmates are rarely forgotten, cues are needed sometimes. also recognition was better that recall
- Working Memory Model
- Baddley & Hitch created a memory model where the STM is an active storemade up of a number of components
- CENTRAL EXECUTIVE: problem-solving, decision making, controlling attention, planning limited storage capacity
- PHONOLOGICAL LOOP: temporarily holds speech based sounds and has two parts
- Phonological Store: (inner ear) stores auditor + 2second capacity
- Articulatory system: (inner voice) converts written info into sound + enables sub-vocal rehersal
- VISUO-SPATIAL SKETHPAD: converts written/sound info into mental images, enables us to visualise layouts/ distances
- EPISODIC BUFFER: combines everything (sound + images)
- STRENTH: Explains KF case study - couldhold visual but not verbal info in his STM - must be in different places - supports WMM
- WEAKNESS: exact limits of the central executive are unknown - theres little evidence to fully understand CE - main component
- WEAKNESS: Berz pointed out we are able to perform two acoustic tasks at once (listen to music, listen to a converstion) phon loops capacity is 2secs : so info would be displaced if WMM is correct
- Baddley & Hitch created a memory model where the STM is an active storemade up of a number of components
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Anxiety: Loftus
- field exp
- pps told to wit outside before study
- 1.overheard conversation about equipment faiure - came out holding pen in grease 2. overheard hostile argument - emerged holding knife in blood
- asked to identify man from 50 photos
- pen- more accurate loftus said anxiety caused by the weapon narrowed focus of attention + forgot peripheral details
- STRENGTH Defenbacher: meta analysis of 18 studies of effects of anxiety on EWT. EWT was impaired if became too anxious.
- WEAKNESS: Christianson- natural exp. 110 pps witnessed real robbery. accuracy remained high despite anxiety
- Age
- Loftus found that elderly people are more likely to make false identifications and worse at remembering specific details
- Cohen + Faulkner showed 2 groups same film of kidnapping - 1. mean age of 70 2.average age of 35 - elderly people gave more inaccurate responses than youngr +more influenced
- Poole + Lindsey: showed kids3-8 science demo, parents read story bits added to demo - when asked, young children they included bits of the story. but older kids didn't. post event info effects childrens EWT
- WEAKNESS: sample from elderly people's homes may have reduced memory - not representative cant generalise findings
- Robert + Lamb: interviewers misinterpreted 68/191 abuse allegations of kids. 2/3 of innacuracies went uncorrected - fear of authority - childrens EWT are inaccurate + unreliable
- WEAKNESS: most of these studies are lab exp. don't reflect real life because of artificial settings so low ecological validity
- Misleading Information: Loftus + Palmer
- the verb used implies a particular speed + may sway pps
- critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed, hit,collided, bumped, contacted) eachother?
- found - Mean speed estimate: smashed40.8contacted31.8
- 45 students, lab exp., 5 groups of 9, shown 7 films of traffic accident, given questionnaire
- Aim: to investigate if leading questions affect the accuracy of immediate recall
- 2ND STUDY: 3groups, 1+2 asked about speed - 1=smashed 2=hit 3=speed not asked for. group 1 most likely to say saw broken glass
- Post event information effects EWT
- STRENGTH: Lab exp, high control over ex variables, same videos of acciedent for each group - high internal validity
- WEAKNESS: Loftus used her own students - demand charcteristics - want to help - low validity
- Anxiety: Loftus
- Cognitive interview
- Changing Perspective: recall incident from different perspectives, e.g. how would it appear to a different EW access memories through multiple pathways
- Report Everything: every detail even if it seems irrelevant - may be relevant irrelevant details may serve as retrieval cues
- Reverse Order: alternative ways through the timeline e.g. from incident backwards different routes to increase accuracy
- Context Reinstatment: Mentally reinstate - (e.g. weather, emotions) improves memory because it provides retrieval cues
- STRENGTH:GEISELMAN ET AL - investigate effectiveness of cog int. compared to other methods
- pps saw a violent crime and aftter 48 hours were interviewed by police using either cog int, stan int or hypnosis
- average no. of correctly recalled facts for cog int:41.2, for hypn:38 for stand: 29.4
- conclusion: cognitive interview leads to more accurate recall of events
- WEAKNESS: Lack of protection from harm - to mentally re-live potentially traumatic events
- memory strategies
- METHOD OF LOCI: to link previously unrelated objects using visual locations, associate different items with different locations on a familiar journey
- Memory Organisation: items classified into catagories. catagories act as retrieval cues
- ACRONYM: where a word or sentence is formed from the initial letters of other words - retrieval cues
- ACROSTIC: poem or sentence where the first letter of each word represents an item of a list
- Deep Processing- semantic processing leads to enhanced recall, involves elaborative thinking, think around an idea and link to other ideas.
- Multi Store Model
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