Memory
- Created by: Emily-Jade99
- Created on: 03-01-18 11:28
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- Memory
- How do we remember?
- 3 basic stages...
- Encoding - Information experienced by the senses and transformed into a code that can be used by the memory system
- Storage - Information retained in memory system temporarily or permanently
- Retrieval - Information located in memory system and out to use
- 3 basic stages...
- Atkinson & Shiffrin
- Sensory memory
- Sensory information temporarily stored for less than a few secs
- Some things are sent to short-term memory (STM) for processing
- STM/working memory - Information temporarily stored for a few secs (then forgotten or stored in long-term memory)
- Long-term memory (LTM) - Potentially permanent store of all information and experiences
- Sensory memory
- Sensory memory
- Provides continuity as it fills in blanks (e.g. blinks)
- Visual = iconic memory
- Auditory = echoic memory
- Touch = Haptic memory
- Capacity is limited, BUT, greater than that of STM
- Duration = 300ms for visual stimuli and 2 secs for auditory information
- Coding
- Sperling (1960)
- Participants presented with 12 random letters for 50ms
- Recalled an average of 4.4 letters
- In another condition, participants were given a tone straight after the presentation indicating which line to recall
- Average recall of 10 letters
- STM
- Miller (1956) - STM capacity = 7 +/- 2 (chunks)
- Information retained through rehearsal
- Peterson & Peterson (1959) -Forgetting due to decay...
- Trigrams with rehearsal prevented
- 3 secs = 80% recalled
- 18 secs = 10% recall
- STM forgetting
- Waugh & Norman (1965)...
- 16 digits presented 1 at a time, followed by tone
- Had to report number that followed previous instance of final number
- Recall worse when more numbers between target and recall
- Waugh & Norman (1965)...
- Working memory
- Working memory - Ability to hold in mind and mentally manipulate information over short periods of time
- Introduced by Miller (1960), made famous by Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
- Baddeley & Hitch = working memory model (central executive, phonological loops, episodic buffer, visuo-spatail sketchpad)
- Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)
- Shows different STM and LTM stores
- Heard list of 20 words and had to recall immediately or after interference task
- Primacy effect (LTM)
- Recency effect (STM)
- LTM
- Has multiple components
- Declarative/explicit memory - Consciously appears in mind upon retrieval (e.g. name/personal experiences/facts)
- Non-declarative/implicit memory - Can influence behaviour without conscious retrieval (e.g. riding a bike)
- Episodic memory - Type of explicit memory: its autobiographical memory
- Semantic memory - Type of explicit memory: general knowledge
- Procedural memory - Type of implicit memory: knowing HOW (e.g. riding a bike)
- Perceptual representation memory/priming - Type of implicit memory: involved in the faster processing of previously presented stimuli
- Maintenance rehearsal = shallow processing
- Elaborative rehearsal = deep processing
- Retroactive interference - New information interferes with old
- LTM forgetting
- Proactive interference - Old information interferes with new
- Jenkins & Dallenbach(1924) found that those who slept before recall did better as they weren't presented with new information (evidence of retroactive interference)
- Loftus & Palmer
- Flashbulb memories - Detailed memories of the circumstances under which one first learned of a surprising, consequential, emotionally involving event
- How do we remember?
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