Memory
- Created by: dannyronald_
- Created on: 27-10-17 21:39
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- Memory
- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968): Multi-Store Model of Memory
- Sensory Register
- Coding: information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form (not coded)
- Duration: Limited duration (Milliseconds)
- Capacity: Very large, different sensory stores appear to have different capacities
- Short-Term Memory
- Coding: Mainly acoustic
- Capacity: Limited
- Duration: Limited (7 +/- 2)
- Long-Term Memory
- Duration: Unlimited (Over 30secs)
- Capacity: Unlimited (depending on coding)
- Coding: Mainly Semantic
- procedual
- non-declarative = recall memories unconciously
- memory for action or skill
- how we do things
- semantic
- the memory's are not time stamped
- contains knowledge of the world, of which the individual has learned
- includes: facts,knowledge of concepts, meanings etc
- knowledge is more personal
- episodic
- personal experiences
- remembering names
- our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives
- a single episode will include: - people, places,objects, behaviours
- Research:
- strength: supporting research
- Clive Wearing
- Couldn't remember anything in the present moment (STM) but his LTM is in tact as he can remember his wife's name and how to get dressed
- Clive Wearing
- weakness: opposing research
- KF Study - motor cycle accident caused amnesia. The motorcyclist had issues remembering digits when acoustically processed but remembered when he read them himself (semantic)
- Explanation: STM is not a unity store and STM is coded in both acoustic and semantic form.
- KF Study - motor cycle accident caused amnesia. The motorcyclist had issues remembering digits when acoustically processed but remembered when he read them himself (semantic)
- weakness:
- Glanzer and Cunitz's research lacks ecological validity
- pps were participating in an artificial task e.g recalling random words
- therefore, it is not reflective of real life memory as memory in real life is usually associated with meaning and these words given have no meaning
- pps were participating in an artificial task e.g recalling random words
- Glanzer and Cunitz's research lacks ecological validity
- strength supporting research: Glanzer and Cunitz
- Aim: To see if they could find evidence for the existence of separate short term and long term memory stores.
- Procedure: pps were presented with a list of words, one at a time, and then asked to recall the words in any order (free recall). pps were divided into: Immediate recall group & Delayed recall group.
- Findings:Pps in the immediate group remembered the first and last words best.Pps in the delayed group remembered the words at the beginning of the list.Neither group recalled the words in the middle of the list.
- Conclusion:
- Both groups remembers the words from the start of the list because they were stored in the Long Term Memory.
- Words at the end of the list were stored in the Short Term Memory.
- When recall was delayed by a distractor task it prevented maintenance rehearsal and therefore affected the recency effect without changing the primacy effect.
- This supports the idea that STM and LTM are separate stores because it shows that one can be changed without the other.
- Conclusion:
- Findings:Pps in the immediate group remembered the first and last words best.Pps in the delayed group remembered the words at the beginning of the list.Neither group recalled the words in the middle of the list.
- Procedure: pps were presented with a list of words, one at a time, and then asked to recall the words in any order (free recall). pps were divided into: Immediate recall group & Delayed recall group.
- Aim: To see if they could find evidence for the existence of separate short term and long term memory stores.
- strength: supporting research
- Sensory Register
- Short Term Memory
- Duration: Brief 18-30secs
- Capacity: Limited 7 +/- 2 (5-9 items)
- Coding: Mainly acoustic (sound)
- Research: Jacobs(1887)
- Procedure:
- tested STM using digit span technique
- pps were shown a list of digits
- the number of digits increased each time
- used all letters in alphabet and all numbers apart from "w" and "7"
- Findings:
- capacity for numbers was 9.3
- capacity for letters was 7.3
- STM has limited capacity between 5-9
- Evaluation:
- Strength
- P: The study was high in validity as Jacobs controls the letters/numbers shown
- E: "w" and "7" were not shown
- E: therefore shows the IV had an effect on the DV
- E: "w" and "7" were not shown
- P: The study was high in validity as Jacobs controls the letters/numbers shown
- Weakness
- P: lab experiment
- E: Recalling digits isn't an everyday task
- E: Therefore lacks ecological validity
- E: Recalling digits isn't an everyday task
- P: lab experiment
- Strength
- Procedure:
- Research: Baddeley(1966)
- Procedure:
- used 75 pps and presented them with 1 of 4 word lists and repeated this 4 times
- whether coding in STM/LTM is acoustic or semantic
- the 4 lists were either:
- A: Acoustically Simular
- B: Acoustically Dissimular
- C: Semantically Simular
- D: Semantically Dissimular
- pps were given a list containing the original words in the wrong order and had to rearrange them into the right order
- to test LTM pps did the same thing but with a 20min interval before recall, with interference task to prevent prevent rehearsal
- Findings:
- Acoustically similar words were performed worst (recalling only 10%)
- Semantically similar words performed poorly with a recall of 55%, confused similar meaning words(e.g. big huge)
- STM coded on acoustic basis, as there was acoustic confusion and LTM coded on a semantic basis as there was semantic confusion
- Evaluation:
- The task is high in reliability as it can be replicated, as it is a lab experiment, a standardised procedure and timing, number of pps and the task can be controlled.
- Therefore, allowing researchers to perform the exact experiment again.
- artificial task - unrealistic wouldn't be completed in real life (presenting lists of words)
- Therefore, lacks ecological validity, meaning findings can't be generalised as it isn't realistic
- The task is high in ecological validity, as the researcher has control over variables e.g 20 min time gap between STM and LTM
- Therefore making experiment high in internal validity
- The task may suffer demand characteristics as the task is repeated and pps take part in all conditions
- as they get may be able to guess the aim of the experiment meaning that this can therefore alter behaviours and negatively effect the researchers results.
- The task is high in reliability as it can be replicated, as it is a lab experiment, a standardised procedure and timing, number of pps and the task can be controlled.
- Procedure:
- Baddeley and Hitch (1974): Working Model Memory
- Central Executive
- Allocates data to slave systems
- Deals with cognative tasks
- Drives whole system
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
- Stores/Processes info in spatial/visual form
- used for navigation
- Phonological Loop
- Phonological Store
- inner ear
- Duration: 1-2 secs
- Holds info in verbal form
- Articulatory Control Process
- sub-vocal repetition (repeats the verbal items stored in PL)
- inner voice
- Sub-vocal repeatition is prevented by articulatory suppression
- Phonological Store
- Central Executive
- Long Term Memory
- Duration: Potentially Perminant
- Capacity: Potentially Perminant
- Coding: Mainly Semantic (with meaning)
- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968): Multi-Store Model of Memory
- the 4 lists were either:
- A: Acoustically Simular
- B: Acoustically Dissimular
- C: Semantically Simular
- D: Semantically Dissimular
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