Memory 3 (Pg58-63)
- Created by: emg02
- Created on: 01-09-20 12:57
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- Memory 3 (Pg58-)
- Factors Affecting the Accuracy of EWT: Misleading Information
- The wording of a questions may lead/ mislead you to give a certain answer
- Loftus & Palmer (1974) Car Accidents= Leading Qs
- 45 students watched film clips of car accidents and were then asked questions about the accident
- In the CRITICAL QUESTION, a leading or misleading question, pps were asked to decribe how fast the cars were travelling
- There were 5 groups of pps and each were given a different verb: hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed.
- Mean estimated speed was calced for each group. Contacted=31.8mph. Smashed=40.5mph
- The leading questions meat pps were biased in their answer
- Mean estimated speed was calced for each group. Contacted=31.8mph. Smashed=40.5mph
- There were 5 groups of pps and each were given a different verb: hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed.
- In the CRITICAL QUESTION, a leading or misleading question, pps were asked to decribe how fast the cars were travelling
- 45 students watched film clips of car accidents and were then asked questions about the accident
- Response-Bias Explanation
- Suggests wording of the Q has no real effect on the pps' memories- just how they decide to answer
- 2nd L&P (1974) supported the Substitution Explanation, which proposes wording of the leading Q changes the pps' memory
- Loftus & Palmer (1974) Car Accidents= Leading Qs
- 45 students watched film clips of car accidents and were then asked questions about the accident
- In the CRITICAL QUESTION, a leading or misleading question, pps were asked to decribe how fast the cars were travelling
- There were 5 groups of pps and each were given a different verb: hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed.
- Mean estimated speed was calced for each group. Contacted=31.8mph. Smashed=40.5mph
- The leading questions meat pps were biased in their answer
- Mean estimated speed was calced for each group. Contacted=31.8mph. Smashed=40.5mph
- There were 5 groups of pps and each were given a different verb: hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed.
- In the CRITICAL QUESTION, a leading or misleading question, pps were asked to decribe how fast the cars were travelling
- 45 students watched film clips of car accidents and were then asked questions about the accident
- Pps who heard smashed were more likely to say they saw broken glass than those who heard hit (there was no glass)= critical verb altered memory
- Loftus & Palmer (1974) Car Accidents= Leading Qs
- 2nd L&P (1974) supported the Substitution Explanation, which proposes wording of the leading Q changes the pps' memory
- Suggests wording of the Q has no real effect on the pps' memories- just how they decide to answer
- Gabbert et al. (2003) Crime Watch= Post-Event Discussion
- Gabbert studied pps in pairs. Each pp watched video of same crime but filmed from different points of view. Each saw elements the other couldn't. Both pps discussed before completing a recall test
- 71% f pps mistakenly recalled aspects of the event that they didn't see but had picked up in discussion
- The corresponding figure in a control group where there was no discussion was 0%
- This is evidence of memory conformity
- The corresponding figure in a control group where there was no discussion was 0%
- 71% f pps mistakenly recalled aspects of the event that they didn't see but had picked up in discussion
- Gabbert studied pps in pairs. Each pp watched video of same crime but filmed from different points of view. Each saw elements the other couldn't. Both pps discussed before completing a recall test
- FATAO(EWT): Anxiety
- Creates strong physiological arousal in the body which prevents us paying attention to important cues, so recall is worse
- ie. In EWT, the presence of a weapon creates anxiety and worsens recall. as focus is on weapon
- Johnson & Scott (1976) Anxiety Negative Effect- Waiting Room
- Pps believed they were taking part in a lab study.
- Low-anxiety condition: Pps in waiting room heard a casual convo in the next room and then saw a man exit carrying a pen with grease on his hands
- High-anxiety condition: Heard a heated argument from the next room and saw a man exit holding a knife covered in blood
- Pps later picked out a picture of the man from 50, and 49% who's seen him carry a pen identified him. Only 33% of those who'd seen him with the knife identified him= Tunnel Theory (on knife)
- High-anxiety condition: Heard a heated argument from the next room and saw a man exit holding a knife covered in blood
- Low-anxiety condition: Pps in waiting room heard a casual convo in the next room and then saw a man exit carrying a pen with grease on his hands
- Pps believed they were taking part in a lab study.
- Yuille & Cutshall (1986) Anxiety + Effect- Shooting in a Shop
- Anxious arousal can put the body and mind into fight or flight= awareness which may improve person's recall
- Y&C studied an actual shooting in a shop in Vancouver, Canada. The shop owner shot a thief dead. There were 21 witnesses but only 13 took part in the study
- Were interviewed for 4-5 months after the shooting and these were compared to the original police interviews at the time of the shooting
- Accuracy was determined by the number of details recalled in each account
- Were interviewed for 4-5 months after the shooting and these were compared to the original police interviews at the time of the shooting
- Creates strong physiological arousal in the body which prevents us paying attention to important cues, so recall is worse
- Improving the accuracy of EWT: Cognitive Interview
- Fisher & Geiselman (1992) CI
- 1. Report everything
- Even the trivial things
- 2. Reinstate the context
- Links to context-DF, so imagine scene as recall
- 3. Reverse the order
- Or from different points in the sequence (back and forth)
- 4. Change perspective
- Effect on recall schema
- Enhanced CI (ECI)
- Focus on social dynamics of interaction ie. when/not to use eye contact
- Factors Affecting the Accuracy of EWT: Misleading Information
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