Memory
- Created by: holly_marshall
- Created on: 25-01-16 18:47
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- Memory
- Coding in memory
- STM - acoustic
- IJE - we use visual coding in STM
- LTM - semantic
- IJE - coding in LTM can vary (visual, semantic and acoustic)
- Baddeley - acoustically and semantically similar words
- STM - acoustic
- Capacity
- STM - limited
- Jacobs - digit span technique = Miller's magic number 7 (7+/- 2)
- IJE - more limited to 4 chunks
- IJE - recall increases with age
- IJE - more limited to 4 chunks
- Jacobs - digit span technique = Miller's magic number 7 (7+/- 2)
- STM - limited
- Duration
- STM - 15-30 seconds
- Peterson and Peterson - consonant syllable and 3 digit number + count backwards, recall after intervals
- 90% after 3 seconds, 20% after 18 seconds
- IJE - lacks ecological validity
- Peterson and Peterson - consonant syllable and 3 digit number + count backwards, recall after intervals
- LTM - 2 hours - lifetime
- Bahrick - year book recognition
- 15 years of graduation = 90%, 48 years = 70%
- Bahrick - year book recognition
- STM - 15-30 seconds
- Multi Store model
- Info into SM through senses, if attention is paid it moves to STM for immediate tasks, info needs to be rehearsed to go into LTM
- IJE - HM - brain damage, cant form new LTMs
- IJE - working memory model shows STM is separate stores
- IJE - long lasting memories are created from deep processing
- Info into SM through senses, if attention is paid it moves to STM for immediate tasks, info needs to be rehearsed to go into LTM
- Working memory model
- Baddeley and Hitch - STM only
- Central executive - control system, monitors slave systems but has limited capacity
- Phonological loop - hold words you hear like an inner ear, Articulatory loop - words you see and repeats like an inner voice
- IJE - ab statements (central ex.) and remembering sequence (art. loop) = remembering sequence was slower when involving central ex.
- IJE - KF - ST forgetting was greater than visual = separate stores
- IJE - EVR - good at reasoning tasks (central ex.) but poor at decision making (also central ex.) = CE has more systems
- IJE - ab statements (central ex.) and remembering sequence (art. loop) = remembering sequence was slower when involving central ex.
- Visuo-spatial scratchpad - info about what we see (form and colour) and object relationships
- Episodic buffer - general store, infor from central ex. and slave systems + limited capacity
- Baddeley and Hitch - STM only
- LTM
- Episodic - personal experiences
- Semantic - knowledge known by everyone
- Procedural - skills
- IJE - brain scans show different parts of the brain is used
- IJE - HM could form procedural memories but not any other
- IJE - episodic memories improved in older people with treatments
- IJE - HM could form procedural memories but not any other
- Semantic - knowledge known by everyone
- Episodic - personal experiences
- Forgetting
- Pro - active interference - old memories prevent new ones being remembered
- Retroactive - learning a new memory causes forgetting of the older one
- IJE - research into interference lacks ecological validity
- IJE - interference doesn't occur that often so how can forgetting be related to it?
- IJE - some people are less affected by proactive interference than others
- IJE - interference doesn't occur that often so how can forgetting be related to it?
- IJE - research into interference lacks ecological validity
- Memories must be similar
- Baddeley and Hitch - rugby players who didnt play all games recalled more teammates due to lack of interference
- Retroactive - learning a new memory causes forgetting of the older one
- Encoding specificity principle
- If a cue helps us to recall it has to be present at learning and recall
- Context dependent forgetting - learning on land/in water and recall in same place was higher
- State dependent - drunk/sober hgihger recall in same state
- IJE - real world applications (exams)
- IJE - more complex topics cues dont work
- Context dependent forgetting - learning on land/in water and recall in same place was higher
- If a cue helps us to recall it has to be present at learning and recall
- Pro - active interference - old memories prevent new ones being remembered
- Eyewitness testimony
- Loftus and Palmer - leading qustions
- Verbs in place of 'hit' = guess of speed was higher/lower
- Did you see any broken glass? Faster answers from exp. 1 = yes
- Post-event info
- Conformity effect - discussion in pairs = incorrect recall
- IJE - misleading info (bugs bunny and ariel study)
- IJE - greater accuracy in real life - robbery in canada, 4 months later with leading qs = still accurate
- IJE - elderly more prone to misleading info
- IJE - greater accuracy in real life - robbery in canada, 4 months later with leading qs = still accurate
- Anxiety
- Johnson and Scott - weapon focus (high anxiety - knife and pen - low anxiety)
- Christianson and Hubinette - bank robbery in Sweden - victims had best recall
- Yerkes Dodson effect - moderate anxiety = enhanced recall, too little or too much = reduced accuracy
- IJE - weapon focus may be caused by surprise, IJE - lab studies dont create real anxiety levels, IJE - studies of anxiety dont involve violence
- Yerkes Dodson effect - moderate anxiety = enhanced recall, too little or too much = reduced accuracy
- Christianson and Hubinette - bank robbery in Sweden - victims had best recall
- Johnson and Scott - weapon focus (high anxiety - knife and pen - low anxiety)
- Loftus and Palmer - leading qustions
- Cognitive interview
- 1. Mental reinstatement of original context
- 2. Report everything
- 3. Change order
- 4. Change perspective
- 3. Change order
- 2. Report everything
- IJE - increase of correct info in CI than police interviews
- IJE - report everything and mental reinstatment are strong together
- Untitled
- IJE - report everything and mental reinstatment are strong together
- 1. Mental reinstatement of original context
- Coding in memory
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