Mary I : Overview (1553-58)
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- Created on: 20-02-17 11:51
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- Mary I: Overview (1553-58)
- Foreign Policy
- The Spanish marriage
- Mary realised that to keep England Catholic, she would need to make a Catholic marriage alliance and produce an heir
- She decided to do this by marrying Phillip, the son of Charles V of Spain
- However, there was opposition to the marriage, as Phillip was a devout Catholic and the Spanish heir
- Many Protestants in England feared that he would use England as a means to increase Spanish power, and it would also ruin relations with Scotland and France
- When the marriage took place in 1554, Phillip was given the title King of England, but was forbidden from bringing foreigners into government and had no claim to the throne if Mary died
- Mary realised that to keep England Catholic, she would need to make a Catholic marriage alliance and produce an heir
- French War
- In 1556 Phillip became King of Spain and declared war on France and tried to convince Mary to assist him
- She reluctantly joined in 1557 and helped the Spanish win at the battle of Saint Quentin, however they faced little success following the victory, with England even losing Calais, its last claim to France in 1558.
- Mary died a few months after the loss of Calais
- She reluctantly joined in 1557 and helped the Spanish win at the battle of Saint Quentin, however they faced little success following the victory, with England even losing Calais, its last claim to France in 1558.
- In 1556 Phillip became King of Spain and declared war on France and tried to convince Mary to assist him
- The Spanish marriage
- Economy
- New Book of Rates introduced in 1558 to improve crown income from customs duties
- Started to rebase the coinage following the debasement of the 1540s
- Worst harvest of the 16th Century in 1556, followed by another poor one in 1557
- Religion
- Mary wanted England to return to the Catholicism that she had experienced as a child, while Henry VIII was still married to her mother
- First Act of Repeal 1553 - undid all religious changes brought about by Edward VI, returning religious doctrine to what it had been at the death of Henry VIII
- Second Act of Repeal 1555 - abolished all doctrinal legislation since 1529 e.g. reinstated the Pope as head of the Church
- Persecution of Protestants
- Leading protestant churchmen, such as Archbishop Cranmer, were arrested and replaced by Catholics
- When the heresy laws were reintroduced in 1555, many protestants who would not renounce their faith, such as Cranmer were burnt at the stake
- Leading protestant churchmen, such as Archbishop Cranmer, were arrested and replaced by Catholics
- Rebellions
- Wyatt's Rebellion 1554
- Thomas Wyatt planned to overthrow Mary and Replace her with Edward Courtenay (the only male claimant), prior to the Spanish marriage. Courtenay's claim was to be strengthened by marrying him to Elizabeth
- Although the rebellion was labelled as anti-Catholic, there were fears that due to the marriage, the government would be controlled by the Spanish
- There was also lots of economic hardship in Kent (where the rebellion started), due to the decline of the cloth trade
- Wyatt and his men marched on London, but failed to both get in to the city, and to convince the people of London to take his side, resulting in the rebellion being put down less than a week later
- Wyatt's Rebellion 1554
- Foreign Policy
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