local government reforms (1864-1870)

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  • local government reforms (1864-1870)
    • zemstva chosen through 'electoral colleges'
      • there were separate colleges for different classes, allowing degree of popular representation
        • nobles
        • townspeople
        • church
        • peasants
    • zemstva composed of men who understood locality and its needs
    • zemstva given power to improve society
      • improve public services
      • develop industrial projects
      • administer poor relief
      • Dumas set up in towns in 1870
    • zemstva power strictly limited
    • zemstva had no control over taxes
    • voting procedure favoured nobility
    • provincial governors
      • continued to appoint officials
      • took responsibility for law and order
      • could overturn zemstvo decisions
    • councils were never truly 'people's assemblies'
      • attracted intelligentsia
        • doctors
        • lawyers
        • teachers
        • scientists using meetings to debate political issues

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