Lipids

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  • Lipids and CVD
    • Relevant lipids: cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids & triglycerides
      • Cholesterol: alcohol linked to fatty acid by an ester bond. Amphiphillic: half soluble, half not
      • Triglycerides: hydrophobic (insoluble)
      • Lipids soluble at room temperature most likely to be saturated as have linear molecules
      • Phospholipid: phosphate group makes the molecule polar
    • Trans fatty acid: hydrogenated- created synthetically. Double bond from -cis to -trans.. Not naturally occurring so body finds difficult to deal with as not processed properly
    • Eicosanoids: prostaglandin thromboxane leukotrienes
    • Polarity determines how fats are distributed in circulation
    • Transported as lipoproteins: shell (polar) and core (hydrophobic)Triglycerides make it buoyant, proteins make it dense
    • Plasma lipoproteins: HDL (high) LDL (low) IDL(intermed.) VLDL (v low) Chylomicrons
    • Familial hyper- cholestero- laemia: affects receptors for LDL (B100)
      • Heterozygote: 50% affected, Cholesterol 8 Homozygote: 100% affected, Cholesterol 20 > develop CHD
      • Signs: corneal arcus, xanthelasma, tendon xanthoma
    • Cholesterol biosynthesis
      • HMG-CoA reductase converts to mevalonate
        • Statins: competitive inhibitors of enzyme, lower LDL by 25-50%
          • Side effect: myositis (muscle)
  • ApoB: VLDL, IDL, LDL, chylomicrons
    • ApoA: HDL
  • Receptor ligands:      A1-HDL  B48-chylomicrons B100-LDL
  • Movement of triglycerides: Chylomicrons Gut to Liver VLDL - Liver to Tissues
    • Movement of cholesterol: LDL - Liver to Tissues     HDL - Tissue to Liver
    • IDL: remnant from chylomicrons / VLDL

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