Les années De Gaulle (1965-1969)
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- Created on: 14-05-18 09:34
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- Les années De Gaulle (1965-1969)
- December 1965 Presidential Election
- First Presidential election in France voted in through universal suffrage.
- The SFIO and the PCF decided to unite against DG
- Supported François Mitterand
- De facto leader of the left for almost 20-30 years
- Led to a bipolarisation in French politics
- Supported François Mitterand
- The vote had to go to the second round
- DG won the election with 55% but he was disappointed
- The result wasn't as strong as he had hoped for as Mitterrand also did well (45%)
- Led to a new split between left and right in French politics
- Led to a bipolarisation in French politics
- Gaullists on the Centre-right
- Socialists and communists on the left
- From 1967 support for the Gaullist party weakened
- More people moved towards the more progressive left, however, the socialists didn't get into power until the early 1980s
- Led to a new split between left and right in French politics
- The Gaullists needed to form a coalition with the Répulicains Indépendants
- Led by Valery Giscard d'Estaing
- The result wasn't as strong as he had hoped for as Mitterrand also did well (45%)
- DG used neo-chaos and scare tactics to say that part politics were trying to weaken Vème Republic
- Said that Mitterand was a product of partisan political parties
- Described him as the 'devil in the confessional'
- Like a Trojan horse trying to destroy the Vème Republic from the inside.
- Described him as the 'devil in the confessional'
- DG saw himself at the helm of the Vème Republic, without him the Repulic would not be able to survive.
- DG believed that the reason why the Vème Republic worked for the past 7 years was because he didn't belong to a political party
- Said that Mitterand was a product of partisan political parties
- DG won the election with 55% but he was disappointed
- DG used neo-chaos and scare tactics to say that part politics were trying to weaken Vème Republic
- Said that Mitterand was a product of partisan political parties
- Described him as the 'devil in the confessional'
- Like a Trojan horse trying to destroy the Vème Republic from the inside.
- Described him as the 'devil in the confessional'
- DG saw himself at the helm of the Vème Republic, without him the Repulic would not be able to survive.
- DG believed that the reason why the Vème Republic worked for the past 7 years was because he didn't belong to a political party
- Said that Mitterand was a product of partisan political parties
- 85% of the public voted
- Largest ever voter turnout in France
- DG's foreign policy
- 'Politique de gradeur'
- Wanted to restore France's image as a great nation.
- After the Algerian war DG was obsessed with France regaining its prestige.
- Wanted to ensure France's national independence
- Did this via asserting military independence
- 13th February 1960 France acquired the atomic bomb
- Wanted France to break the domination of the US and USSR
- After the humiliation of French occupation, he wanted France to again be respected as a military power
- 13th February 1960 France acquired the atomic bomb
- Wanted France to break the domination of the US and USSR
- Did this via asserting military independence
- Wanted France to be neutral and independent of the 2 superpowers
- DG wanted France to be the 3rd alternative
- Wanted countries that weren't aligned with the USA or the USSR to reunite under/with France
- Wanted France to be a World Power
- Wanted countries that weren't aligned with the USA or the USSR to reunite under/with France
- DG wanted France to be the 3rd alternative
- Wanted to restore France's image as a great nation.
- France showed ambivalence towards the USA
- On 7th March 1966, France quit NATO
- DG wanted to limit the power of the dollar
- Withdrew French money form the US
- Wanted to repay French debt towards the Americas
- Blocked the UK joining the EEC
- Thought UK was a 'Trojan horse' for the US
- HOWEVER France did support the US in times of crisis ie. Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis
- DG used his anti-Americanism as a tool to legitimise the Vème Republic
- Said that France used to be weak and dependant on US influence and money during the IVème Republic
- Vème Republic was stronger as it didn't rely on this dependence
- Used it to reinforce his reforms as an act of national strength
- Said that France used to be weak and dependant on US influence and money during the IVème Republic
- European Policy
- DG was against a federal Europe in which France lost its autonomy
- Blocked efforts to increase the EEC's political powers
- Wanted Europe to listen and follow French interests
- Saw Franco-German relationship as a very important strategy for Europe
- Worked towards a strong Franco-German alliance
- DG was the first foreign politician to speak of 'the great German people' after WW2
- DG ended centuries of bad blood with Germany
- Signed the Franco-German treaty at Reims Cathedral on 22nd January 1963
- Site of several Franco-German conflicts
- One of the greatest achievements for DG and is one of the reasons why France and Germany are so attached to the EU
- Especially significant considering that DG was the person acclaimed with helping France gain its freedom
- France and Germany had been at war with each other for over 100 years
- Signed the Franco-German treaty at Reims Cathedral on 22nd January 1963
- Germany was the economic power whereas France was the political power
- Thought that this would lead to European cohesion and economic prosperity
- Worked towards a strong Franco-German alliance
- Saw Franco-German relationship as a very important strategy for Europe
- Worked towards a strong Franco-German alliance
- DG was the first foreign politician to speak of 'the great German people' after WW2
- DG ended centuries of bad blood with Germany
- Signed the Franco-German treaty at Reims Cathedral on 22nd January 1963
- Site of several Franco-German conflicts
- One of the greatest achievements for DG and is one of the reasons why France and Germany are so attached to the EU
- Especially significant considering that DG was the person acclaimed with helping France gain its freedom
- France and Germany had been at war with each other for over 100 years
- Signed the Franco-German treaty at Reims Cathedral on 22nd January 1963
- DG was against a federal Europe in which France lost its autonomy
- Third World policy
- DG treid to extend the reach of French influence
- Wanted to create a new role as a leader in the Third World
- Alliances with Arab countries
- Both economic and political interest
- Alliances with Arab countries
- Wanted to create a new role as a leader in the Third World
- Supported the separation of Quebec
- 'Vivre le Québec Libre!'
- Puts him at odds with Canada and DG had to cut his state visit short after making this comment
- 'Vivre le Québec Libre!'
- DG treid to extend the reach of French influence
- 'Politique de gradeur'
- Economic and Social change
- Econcmic change
- The new Constitution brought both economic and political stability
- DG devalued the currency
- The new Franc gave new dynamism to the French economy
- Made exports more competititve
- Reduced debt
- What was formerly 100 francs now became 1 franc
- The new Franc gave new dynamism to the French economy
- Period of economic expansion in science and progress
- Projects such as the concorde on 29th November 1962
- Development of Nuclear power plants from 1967
- Currently 75% of French electricity is produced by these, EDF & Hinkley Point- demonstrates DG's longevity
- Growth in tertiary (service) industry as well as in oil, chemical and engineering secors
- Rise in immigration from North Africa and the South of Europe
- DG devalued the currency
- HOWEVER there is the perception that modernisation has led to a loss in the QoL
- Gaullist society was perceived as bureaucratic, too centralised, inflexible and cold.
- The youth had a disconntect with modernism due to the conservative nature of society
- La Société bloquée
- Michel Crozier 1970
- Led to 'La Crise de mai 1968'
- The demographic explosion after the war led the population to rise from 40.5 to 49.7million
- These baby boomers were 20 in 1968
- Looked at the UK and USA with the swinging sixties and the new liberal society it brought with it.
- Felt that France was anchored in its paternalistic tradition
- Women still regarded as 'belonging' to their husbands
- French universities were segregated by sex
- Women needed their husbands permission to open a bank account
- Women coulkd only own a business if they had widow status (why so many champagnes are 'veuf/veuve)
- Led to 'La Crise de mai 1968'
- The demographic explosion after the war led the population to rise from 40.5 to 49.7million
- These baby boomers were 20 in 1968
- Looked at the UK and USA with the swinging sixties and the new liberal society it brought with it.
- Felt that France was anchored in its paternalistic tradition
- Women still regarded as 'belonging' to their husbands
- French universities were segregated by sex
- Women needed their husbands permission to open a bank account
- Women coulkd only own a business if they had widow status (why so many champagnes are 'veuf/veuve)
- Felt that France was anchored in its paternalistic tradition
- Universities were underequipped to deal with this new higher influx of students
- Youth felt as if they did not fit in with society
- Looked at the UK and USA with the swinging sixties and the new liberal society it brought with it.
- Universities were oversubscribed and the system was inept
- Nanterre
- No library, so students had to travel to the Sorbonne in the Centre of Paris to use theirs
- No infrastructure- no metro going there
- 18th March- Students at Nanterre were arrested
- 22nd March- Students protest by occupying campus
- 28th March- authorities close Naterre's campus
- Start of May- Sorbonne campus was closed for fear of confrontations between Far-Left and Far-Right students
- 10th-11th May- After riots, there were a series of clashes between the police and students in Paris
- 13th May- A domino effect ensues and the students were joined by trade unions in order to increase wages and living conditions
- Wanted a fair share of the economic growth- although France was economically prosperous, wages and working conditions did not follow which led to strikes
- Journalists then joined the movement to protest against government control and censureship
- The whole country was at a standstill
- People were nervous as they didn't know how DG would react- thought he might send in the army.
- Clash between PM (GP) and DG- conmpromise vs. hardlined
- GP signes the "accodres de grenelle" on 27th May which offered new guarantees to employees but protests still increased
- DG disappeared for 24 hours- no body knew what was going on
- In a radio broadcast, DG dissolves the Assemblée Nationale
- 23rd and 30th June elections restored order and the Gaullists won a huge majority (358/485 seats)
- Ended the May 68 Crisis
- Could be due to fear and worry, previously the Gaullist party was declining in support but this election brought back a huge resurgence in votes
- HOWEVER May '68 massively dented public confidence in DG due to his handling of the situation
- Remained weak and people began to think he should resign
- 27th April 1969 53% of French people rejected a referendum on the reform of the senate and regionalisation
- DG offered an ultimatum- if people voted YES he would stay, NO and he would resign
- The End of DG
- Retires from political life and dies of a heart attack on 9th November 1970
- GP elected as president on 15th June 1969
- The End of DG
- DG offered an ultimatum- if people voted YES he would stay, NO and he would resign
- 27th April 1969 53% of French people rejected a referendum on the reform of the senate and regionalisation
- Remained weak and people began to think he should resign
- HOWEVER May '68 massively dented public confidence in DG due to his handling of the situation
- 23rd and 30th June elections restored order and the Gaullists won a huge majority (358/485 seats)
- In a radio broadcast, DG dissolves the Assemblée Nationale
- DG disappeared for 24 hours- no body knew what was going on
- GP signes the "accodres de grenelle" on 27th May which offered new guarantees to employees but protests still increased
- The whole country was at a standstill
- 13th May- A domino effect ensues and the students were joined by trade unions in order to increase wages and living conditions
- 10th-11th May- After riots, there were a series of clashes between the police and students in Paris
- Start of May- Sorbonne campus was closed for fear of confrontations between Far-Left and Far-Right students
- 28th March- authorities close Naterre's campus
- 22nd March- Students protest by occupying campus
- Nanterre
- These baby boomers were 20 in 1968
- Political Reasons
- There was a disenchantment with the communist party (who were traditionally the alternative party)
- 1954 invasion of Hungary by the USSR
- Anti-Stalinist movement
- 1954 invasion of Hungary by the USSR
- There was a growing influence of liberal thinkers- hippy generation
- "Il est interdit d'interdire"
- "Exigez l'impossible!"
- Le pouvoir à l'imagintation!
- There was a disenchantment with the communist party (who were traditionally the alternative party)
- The demographic explosion after the war led the population to rise from 40.5 to 49.7million
- Felt that France was anchored in its paternalistic tradition
- Universities were underequipped to deal with this new higher influx of students
- Youth felt as if they did not fit in with society
- Looked at the UK and USA with the swinging sixties and the new liberal society it brought with it.
- Universities were oversubscribed and the system was inept
- Nanterre
- No library, so students had to travel to the Sorbonne in the Centre of Paris to use theirs
- No infrastructure- no metro going there
- 18th March- Students at Nanterre were arrested
- 22nd March- Students protest by occupying campus
- 28th March- authorities close Naterre's campus
- Start of May- Sorbonne campus was closed for fear of confrontations between Far-Left and Far-Right students
- 10th-11th May- After riots, there were a series of clashes between the police and students in Paris
- 13th May- A domino effect ensues and the students were joined by trade unions in order to increase wages and living conditions
- Wanted a fair share of the economic growth- although France was economically prosperous, wages and working conditions did not follow which led to strikes
- Journalists then joined the movement to protest against government control and censureship
- The whole country was at a standstill
- People were nervous as they didn't know how DG would react- thought he might send in the army.
- Clash between PM (GP) and DG- conmpromise vs. hardlined
- GP signes the "accodres de grenelle" on 27th May which offered new guarantees to employees but protests still increased
- DG disappeared for 24 hours- no body knew what was going on
- In a radio broadcast, DG dissolves the Assemblée Nationale
- 23rd and 30th June elections restored order and the Gaullists won a huge majority (358/485 seats)
- Ended the May 68 Crisis
- Could be due to fear and worry, previously the Gaullist party was declining in support but this election brought back a huge resurgence in votes
- HOWEVER May '68 massively dented public confidence in DG due to his handling of the situation
- Remained weak and people began to think he should resign
- 27th April 1969 53% of French people rejected a referendum on the reform of the senate and regionalisation
- DG offered an ultimatum- if people voted YES he would stay, NO and he would resign
- The End of DG
- Retires from political life and dies of a heart attack on 9th November 1970
- GP elected as president on 15th June 1969
- The End of DG
- DG offered an ultimatum- if people voted YES he would stay, NO and he would resign
- 27th April 1969 53% of French people rejected a referendum on the reform of the senate and regionalisation
- Remained weak and people began to think he should resign
- HOWEVER May '68 massively dented public confidence in DG due to his handling of the situation
- 23rd and 30th June elections restored order and the Gaullists won a huge majority (358/485 seats)
- In a radio broadcast, DG dissolves the Assemblée Nationale
- DG disappeared for 24 hours- no body knew what was going on
- GP signes the "accodres de grenelle" on 27th May which offered new guarantees to employees but protests still increased
- The whole country was at a standstill
- 13th May- A domino effect ensues and the students were joined by trade unions in order to increase wages and living conditions
- 10th-11th May- After riots, there were a series of clashes between the police and students in Paris
- Start of May- Sorbonne campus was closed for fear of confrontations between Far-Left and Far-Right students
- 28th March- authorities close Naterre's campus
- 22nd March- Students protest by occupying campus
- Nanterre
- These baby boomers were 20 in 1968
- Political Reasons
- There was a disenchantment with the communist party (who were traditionally the alternative party)
- 1954 invasion of Hungary by the USSR
- Anti-Stalinist movement
- 1954 invasion of Hungary by the USSR
- There was a growing influence of liberal thinkers- hippy generation
- "Il est interdit d'interdire"
- "Exigez l'impossible!"
- Le pouvoir à l'imagintation!
- There was a disenchantment with the communist party (who were traditionally the alternative party)
- The demographic explosion after the war led the population to rise from 40.5 to 49.7million
- Led to 'La Crise de mai 1968'
- Michel Crozier 1970
- La Société bloquée
- The youth had a disconntect with modernism due to the conservative nature of society
- Gaullist society was perceived as bureaucratic, too centralised, inflexible and cold.
- The new Constitution brought both economic and political stability
- La Société bloquée
- Michel Crozier 1970
- Michel Crozier 1970
- Econcmic change
- December 1965 Presidential Election
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