Lenin
- Created by: LamisaAmber
- Created on: 15-05-17 12:41
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- Lenin 1918-1928
- Opposition
- The Civil War
- Reds
- Bolsheviks - gained support from the left
- Whites
- Officers from tsarist army, land owners and ruling classes - uncoordinated, often fight each other
- Included anti-Bolsheviks
- Didn't appeal to peasantry, refused to accept ethnic minorities, indisciple
- Officers from tsarist army, land owners and ruling classes - uncoordinated, often fight each other
- Greens
- peasant armies - some for, some against Bolsheviks.
- More concerned with protecting own interests e.g. Ukrainians fought for independence
- Trotsky developed effective defence and ideology - exploited railways
- Clear ideology of class war and organisation- defenders of Revolution
- Reds
- Ending WW1
- Bret-Litovsk Treaty signed by Trotsky Dec 1917
- Brest-Litovsk seen as shameful in Russia
- Lost large amountd of territory and resources - 50%
- Exacerbated grain shortage
- Resulted in Civil War - anti-Bolshevik factions emerged
- Terror
- Cheka active - central to Bolshevik regime
- Method of political control for regime - Red Terror
- Class warfare on Kulaks - targets for executions
- Peasants revolted, Bolshevik officials killed - unrest in countryside
- Labour camps opened for hostile peasants and 'counter-revolutionaries' - hard to define term
- Peasants left starving due to requisitioning
- Peasants revolted, Bolshevik officials killed - unrest in countryside
- SRs, anarchists, tsar and family executed
- Estimated 500,000 deaths - to intimidate people into compliance
- The Civil War
- Policies
- War Communism
- Due to rapid deterioration of economy 1918
- Grain requisitioning by Red Guard
- Industry brought under state control - private trade banned
- Black market developed to provide consumer goods
- Labour discipline enforced - absenteeism fines etc
- Rationing on class based system - bourgeouisie given least
- Path to socialist state = got support from other Bolsheviks = continued after war
- NEP
- Why was it brought in?
- Famine, disease, revolt (118 in Feb 1921) - weak transport system, shortage of raw materials = factory closures, low grain production
- Peasants' hostility e.g. Tambov uprising 1920 - food demonstrations, martial law imposed
- Worker strikes supported by Konstradt uprising 1921 - 10,000 sailors killed - argument for change in policy
- Divisions in B party on policy
- Terms
- Requisitioning abolished - could sell for profit = more capitalistic
- Private trading allowed, small businesses reopened = betrayal to Bolshevik ideology
- State controlled large heavy industry
- Economic concessions = political tightening up
- 'ban on factions' restored discipline in party and crushed opposition
- SRs and Mensheviks made illegal
- Show trials and arrests, death penalty, censorship
- SRs and Mensheviks made illegal
- Purge of party to cleanse - 22,000 expelled 1921
- Attack on religion and NEP men
- 'ban on factions' restored discipline in party and crushed opposition
- Scissors Crisis but gov took action = recovery
- Crime flourished, corruption and bribery due to NEP men's wealth
- Not enough grain produced - only 1/4 of 1913 levels - reluctant to sell to gov due to low prices. Backward tech still - small plots of land
- Unemployment rose, wages low, poor housing
- Grain crisis 1927 = end of NEP & return of requisitioning
- Why was it brought in?
- War Communism
- Significance of Lenin
- Integral
- Personality - united people with policy, prestige, pragmatic, charismatic
- Ideology- party founder, Marxism - Leninism, ruthless - crushed opposition
- Role in Oct Rev - Pressured BCC into revolution= revered
- Critical interventions - April Theses, Oct Rev, Brest Litovsk, NEP
- Not Integral
- Cult of Lenin -exaggerates his role
- Otherfactors in B rise to power - economic conditions 1917, Kornilov affair, July offensive failure & WW1
- Only key interventions - was absent up until 1917
- Marxist historian view - rev inevitable under Tsar
- Lenin not an 'irreplaceable colossus'- this is only an illusion
- Cult of Lenin -exaggerates his role
- Integral
- Social and Cultural Developments1918-28
- Women and Family
- Aimed for equality and liberation e.g. abortion and divorce easier
- But domestic violence, **** rose - clashed w/ traditional views. Orphans, unemployment
- Worked 8 hour day and 5 hour domestic day
- Education
- Universal schooling abandoned under NEP
- Indoctrination
- Youth Organisations
- Pioneers and Komsomol
- To instil communist values and social contorl
- Komsomol spread propaganda and attacked churches
- Religion
- Aggressively atheist regime - 1922 launched attack on church
- Religion as bourgeouisie - but 50% still believe in God 1927
- Over 8000 priests killed
- Propaganda and Culture
- 'art for the masses' - central to regime - artists drew propaganda for Bs
- Agitprop trains, posters, statues erected - Marxist principles and slogans emphasised
- Ritual festivals e.g. reenactment of storming of winter palace annually
- Cinema e.g. Eisenstein's 'OCtober'
- Women and Family
- Opposition
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