Methodology
- Created by: Olivia Canham
- Created on: 16-09-18 18:07
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- Methodolgy
- Social
- Questionnaires
- open - allow PPs to respond how they want
- closed- PPs can only give set number of responses
- Social desirability, question construction, likert scale, response bias
- Interviews
- Unstructured
- Semi Structured
- Structured
- Researcher effects, social desirability, rapport
- Sampling Techniques
- Stratified
- Random
- Volunteer
- Systematic
- Opportunity
- BPS Guidelines
- Right to Withdraw
- Consent
- Confidentiality
- Deception
- Debriefing
- Protection
- Questionnaires
- Cognitive
- IV's and DV's
- IV = what you maniplate
- DV = what you measure
- IV = what you maniplate
- Extraneous and Confounding Variables
- Extraneous = anything, not IV which could affect result
- Confounding = specific type of EV - systematically vary with IV
- Extraneous = anything, not IV which could affect result
- Lab and Field Experiments
- Lab = controlled environment, control for EV
- Strengths: can control EV, same for everyone, high int. validity, no deception
- Weaknesses: low ext. validity, artificial settings, difficult application
- Field = natural environment, where behaviour = naturally take place, still manipulation of IV etc.
- Strengths: more realistic, high ext. validity, more likely to act natural/not alter behaviour
- Weaknesses: low int. validity, hard to replicate, cant control EV, deception = possible
- Lab = controlled environment, control for EV
- Experimental Designs
- Independent Groups
- PPs allocated to 2+ groups, diff conditions of IV
- PPs = only takes part in 1 condition of IV
- Issue: Individual Differences
- Naturally different characteristics/abilities = reduce validty
- Strengths: avoids order effects, don't become bored/tired
- Weaknesses: more people needed, differences between groups - affect results
- Repeated Measures
- PPs take part in every condition of IV
- Issue: Order Effects
- Second condition = experience fatigue or practice effect
- Can be overcome by counterbalancing
- half PPs = complete condition A first, half complete B then swap
- Using random allocation
- Computer randomly assigns each PP to condition A/B first
- Strengths: less people needed, reduce individual diff.
- Weaknesses: order effects, affect Ps behaviour = reduce validity
- Matched Pairs
- PPs are matched on key/relevant variables eg. IQ, age
- One member = control, other = in exp. condition
- Better control of PPs variables
- Strengths: avoids order effects, decrease PPs variables
- Weaknesses: v. time consuming, impossible to identically match, if one PP drops out = lose both data
- PPs are matched on key/relevant variables eg. IQ, age
- Independent Groups
- IV's and DV's
- Biological
- Twin Studies
- MZ twins = share 100% genes (identical)
- DZ twins = share 50% genes (non-identical)
- Gottesman and Shields (1966)
- Studies MZ and DZ twins over 16 yr period, one diagnosed with Schizophrenia, 42% at end diagnosed = MZ, 9% of twins = DZ
- Strengths: reliability = large samples = replicable, application = whether important behaviours are inherited, validity= researchers are not manipulating DZ/MZ = reduce researcher bias
- Weaknesses: generalisability = limited as no representable of pop, usefulness = limited rarely show concordance rate of anything like 100%, limited sample size = scale and scope
- Nature vs Nurture Debate
- Adoption Studies
- Best way to measure nature/nurture
- Correlate behaviour of adoptees with behaviour of biological family
- Cadoret and Stewart (1991)
- PPs more likely to have hyperactive/agg. characteristics if bio parent = convicted of crime and higher rates of hyperactivity and agg behaviour = those who had psychiatric issues in adoptive fam memebers
- Strengths: application = whether good parenting can correct genes
- Weaknesses: many EVs and CVs = hard to control - validity, generalizable = not repr. of general pop. sample size = limited in size and scope
- Brain Scanning Techniques
- CAT/CT Scans
- Structural only, takes 5 mins, exposed to X-rays (greater risks for children), £1m, £100-400 per scan
- PET Scans
- Functional only, higher and lower activity and NTs,30 mins, radioactive tracer injected, £2-3m, £200-500 per scan
- fMRI Scans
- Limited structural detail, functional = blood flow and activity, 30-45 mins, no exposure to radiation, takes long time = blur image, £1.9m, £500-800 per scan
- Strengths: reliable, v accurate, standardised, high int. validity, reduce EVs, no social desirability
- Weaknesses: ethical issues, low ext, validity, human error/bias, lacks generalisability = need large sample = not practical
- CAT/CT Scans
- Correlations
- Relationship between two co-variables
- Strengths: see if initial rel = warrant further investigation, rely on quant data = increases reliability and easy to replicate
- Weaknesses: don't infer causal relationship, hidden variables = affect co-variable = reduce validity, quant data = lack validity - reducing complex to simple, number
- Twin Studies
- Learning
- Observations
- Time sampling = observations made at regular intervals
- may not be representative = certain behaviour = missed
- Event sampling = recording certain behaviours every time it occurs
- Too many instances = hard to record correctly
- Types of Observation
- Naturalistic vs Structured
- own environment/ experimenter has some degree of control
- Covert vs Overt
- covert= PPs don't know being observed/ overt = PPs know
- PP vs Non-PP
- PP= part of group/ observer remains detached
- Naturalistic vs Structured
- Time sampling = observations made at regular intervals
- Animal Research
- Psychology as a Science
- Objectivity and Control
- Hypothesis Testing and Falsification
- Empricism
- Replicability
- Reductionism
- Observations
- Social
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