Language variation theorists
- Created by: lucyfoster
- Created on: 16-04-19 13:27
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- Language variation theorists
- Social class
- Bernstein - Restricted and Elaborated code.
- Children who were from a higher social class used a more extensive vocabulary (Elaborated code) and lower class children had a less extensive vocabulary (Restricted code).
- Labov - NYC department stores
- The pronunciation of the /r/ sound shows overt prestige and was found to be often disregarded in lower class department stores.
- Jenny Cheshire - acceptance of crime
- Cheshire said that children who said that crime was okay were from a lower class and were more likely to use non-standard forms.
- Trudgill - Norwich
- /ing/ variant - The working class were more likely to drop the /ing/.
- Petyt - /H/ dropping in Bradford.
- Found that the lower working class were more likely to drop the /h/ variant in their non-standard forms.
- Bernstein - Restricted and Elaborated code.
- Ethnicity
- Mark Sebba - Catford girls' posse.
- Youths in London were found to code switch between 3 varieties: Jamaican creole, RP and Cockney.
- Mark Sebba - Catford girls' posse.
- World Englishes
- Kachru's concentric circles
- Inner circle = 1st dispora, outer circle = imperial expansion countries, Expanding circle = communication expansion.
- McArthur's circles of world Englishes.
- English is at the centre which is adapted branching off into 8 main regions but not all varieties fit into 8 regions.
- Jean paul Nerriere - Globish
- Non- native speakers of English make mistakes so they are understood by other non-native speakers but native speakers speak too fast for non-natives and they struggle to understand them.
- Kachru's concentric circles
- Location
- Labov - Martha's vineyard.
- Fishermen were found to centralise the diphthongs /au/ and /ai/ to distance themselves from tourists.
- Milroy - Open and closed networks
- In Belfast, people who have left the community have a closed network with a diluted accent but they may still have grammatical characteristic.
- Labov - Martha's vineyard.
- Occupation
- Swales -discourse community
- Has members who use specialist lexis and discourse and they possess a level of knowledge/skill to participate in the community.
- Nelson - Business language
- Found that there was a 'business semantic field'.
- Swales -discourse community
- Situational
- Giles Accommodation theory
- The speaker can upwardly/ downwardly converge/ diverge in order to meet the needs of the listener.
- Goffman - Face theory
- Language use may be adapted in order to make the listener feel good.
- Eckert - Jocks and burnouts
- Parents socio-economic groups do not affect teens' speech patterns as much as the people they hang out with.
- Giles Accommodation theory
- Social class
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