English language and Power
- Created by: fmohammed
- Created on: 09-02-21 15:07
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- Language and Power
- The Politeness principle
- Governs conversational behaviour
- Has three rules
- Don't impose
- Give options
- Make the receiver feel good
- The cooperative principle
- Grice's Maxims (1975)
- Maxim of Quality: Do not lie/Tell the truth
- Maxim of Relevance: Keep answers relevant to topic.
- Maxim of manner: Be brief, orderly, avoid ambiguity and obscurity
- Maxim of Quantity: Don't say too little or too much.
- Grice's Maxims (1975)
- Constraints
- Methods which more powerful participants block or control contributions of the less powerful.
- Control through Agenda setting.
- Control through Topic management
- Control through Interruptions.
- Methods which more powerful participants block or control contributions of the less powerful.
- Accommodation theory: Howard and Giles
- We adjust our speech to accommodate the person we are talking to
- Can be demonstrated through accent and register
- Convergence
- Downward Convergence
- Someone who speaks in an RP accent may try to tone down their accent or register to fit with the speech of the working class.
- Upward convergence
- Someone with a strong accent may try to speak 'posh' when speaking to a superior.
- Elevating language to try and impress.
- Mutual Convergence
- If both participants converge to sound more similar
- Downward Convergence
- Prestige
- Overt prestige
- Prestige that comes from using nationally recognised language and used in official educational contexts.
- Covert prestige
- Not identifying with the institutionalised standard
- Prestige comes from group loyalty and solidarity
- More associated with male speech
- Overt prestige
- Power in advertising
- Synthetic personalisation (Fairclough)
- Use of personalised language (2nd person pronouns)
- Attempts to construct relationship with receiver and establish familiarity
- Members resources
- A readers background knowledge used to interpret texts
- Same knowledge drawn upon by producers to manipulate reader
- Building the consumer
- Making the reader feel like the ideal consumer
- Positioning the reader in line with the adverts ideological viewpoint
- Synthetic personalisation (Fairclough)
- Power in spoken discourse
- Power asymmetry
- A marked difference in the power statuses of individuals involved in discourse
- Unequal encounter
- One speaker holds more power than the other.
- Powerful participant
- Untitled
- Power asymmetry
- The Politeness principle
- Types of Power
- Political power
- Power held by those with the backing of the law. Typically by politicians.
- Language and Power
- The Politeness principle
- Governs conversational behaviour
- Has three rules
- Don't impose
- Give options
- Make the receiver feel good
- The cooperative principle
- Grice's Maxims (1975)
- Maxim of Quality: Do not lie/Tell the truth
- Maxim of Relevance: Keep answers relevant to topic.
- Maxim of manner: Be brief, orderly, avoid ambiguity and obscurity
- Maxim of Quantity: Don't say too little or too much.
- Grice's Maxims (1975)
- Constraints
- Methods which more powerful participants block or control contributions of the less powerful.
- Control through Agenda setting.
- Control through Topic management
- Control through Interruptions.
- Methods which more powerful participants block or control contributions of the less powerful.
- Accommodation theory: Howard and Giles
- We adjust our speech to accommodate the person we are talking to
- Can be demonstrated through accent and register
- Convergence
- Downward Convergence
- Someone who speaks in an RP accent may try to tone down their accent or register to fit with the speech of the working class.
- Upward convergence
- Someone with a strong accent may try to speak 'posh' when speaking to a superior.
- Elevating language to try and impress.
- Mutual Convergence
- If both participants converge to sound more similar
- Downward Convergence
- Prestige
- Overt prestige
- Prestige that comes from using nationally recognised language and used in official educational contexts.
- Covert prestige
- Not identifying with the institutionalised standard
- Prestige comes from group loyalty and solidarity
- More associated with male speech
- Overt prestige
- Power in advertising
- Synthetic personalisation (Fairclough)
- Use of personalised language (2nd person pronouns)
- Attempts to construct relationship with receiver and establish familiarity
- Members resources
- A readers background knowledge used to interpret texts
- Same knowledge drawn upon by producers to manipulate reader
- Building the consumer
- Making the reader feel like the ideal consumer
- Positioning the reader in line with the adverts ideological viewpoint
- Synthetic personalisation (Fairclough)
- Power in spoken discourse
- Power asymmetry
- A marked difference in the power statuses of individuals involved in discourse
- Unequal encounter
- One speaker holds more power than the other.
- Powerful participant
- Untitled
- Power asymmetry
- The Politeness principle
- Personal power
- Power held by individuals as a result of their role
- Social group power
- Power held as a result of being part of a dominant social group.
- Instrumental Power
- Power used to maintain and enforce authority
- Influential Power
- Power used to influence and persuade others.
- Political power
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