English language and Power

?
  • Created by: fmohammed
  • Created on: 09-02-21 15:07
View mindmap
  • Language and Power
    • The Politeness principle
      • Governs conversational behaviour
      • Has three rules
        • Don't impose
        • Give options
        • Make the receiver feel good
    • The cooperative principle
      • Grice's Maxims (1975)
        • Maxim of Quality: Do not lie/Tell the truth
        • Maxim of Relevance: Keep answers relevant to topic.
        • Maxim of manner: Be brief, orderly, avoid ambiguity and obscurity
        • Maxim of Quantity: Don't say too little or too much.
    • Constraints
      • Methods which more powerful participants block or control contributions of the less powerful.
        • Control through Agenda setting.
        • Control through Topic management
        • Control through Interruptions.
    • Accommodation theory: Howard and Giles
      • We adjust our speech to accommodate the person we are talking to
      • Can be demonstrated through accent and register
    • Convergence
      • Downward Convergence
        • Someone who speaks in an RP accent may try to tone down their accent or register to fit with the speech of the working class.
      • Upward convergence
        • Someone with a strong accent may try to speak 'posh' when speaking to a superior.
        • Elevating language to try and impress.
      • Mutual Convergence
        • If both participants converge to sound more similar
    • Prestige
      • Overt prestige
        • Prestige that comes from using nationally recognised language and used in official educational contexts.
      • Covert prestige
        • Not identifying with the institutionalised standard
        • Prestige comes from group loyalty and solidarity
        • More associated with male speech
    • Power in advertising
      • Synthetic personalisation (Fairclough)
        • Use of personalised language (2nd person pronouns)
        • Attempts to construct relationship with receiver and establish familiarity
      • Members resources
        • A readers background knowledge used to interpret texts
        • Same knowledge drawn upon by producers to manipulate reader
      • Building the consumer
        • Making the reader feel like the ideal consumer
        • Positioning the reader in line with the adverts ideological viewpoint
    • Power in spoken discourse
      • Power asymmetry
        • A marked difference in the power statuses of individuals involved in discourse
      • Unequal encounter
        • One speaker holds more power than the other.
      • Powerful participant
        • Untitled
  • Types of Power
    • Political power
      • Power held by those with the backing of the law. Typically by politicians.
    • Language and Power
      • The Politeness principle
        • Governs conversational behaviour
        • Has three rules
          • Don't impose
          • Give options
          • Make the receiver feel good
      • The cooperative principle
        • Grice's Maxims (1975)
          • Maxim of Quality: Do not lie/Tell the truth
          • Maxim of Relevance: Keep answers relevant to topic.
          • Maxim of manner: Be brief, orderly, avoid ambiguity and obscurity
          • Maxim of Quantity: Don't say too little or too much.
      • Constraints
        • Methods which more powerful participants block or control contributions of the less powerful.
          • Control through Agenda setting.
          • Control through Topic management
          • Control through Interruptions.
      • Accommodation theory: Howard and Giles
        • We adjust our speech to accommodate the person we are talking to
        • Can be demonstrated through accent and register
      • Convergence
        • Downward Convergence
          • Someone who speaks in an RP accent may try to tone down their accent or register to fit with the speech of the working class.
        • Upward convergence
          • Someone with a strong accent may try to speak 'posh' when speaking to a superior.
          • Elevating language to try and impress.
        • Mutual Convergence
          • If both participants converge to sound more similar
      • Prestige
        • Overt prestige
          • Prestige that comes from using nationally recognised language and used in official educational contexts.
        • Covert prestige
          • Not identifying with the institutionalised standard
          • Prestige comes from group loyalty and solidarity
          • More associated with male speech
      • Power in advertising
        • Synthetic personalisation (Fairclough)
          • Use of personalised language (2nd person pronouns)
          • Attempts to construct relationship with receiver and establish familiarity
        • Members resources
          • A readers background knowledge used to interpret texts
          • Same knowledge drawn upon by producers to manipulate reader
        • Building the consumer
          • Making the reader feel like the ideal consumer
          • Positioning the reader in line with the adverts ideological viewpoint
      • Power in spoken discourse
        • Power asymmetry
          • A marked difference in the power statuses of individuals involved in discourse
        • Unequal encounter
          • One speaker holds more power than the other.
        • Powerful participant
          • Untitled
    • Personal power
      • Power held by individuals as a result of their role
    • Social group power
      • Power held as a result of being part of a dominant social group.
    • Instrumental Power
      • Power used to maintain and enforce authority
    • Influential Power
      • Power used to influence and persuade others.

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar English Language resources:

See all English Language resources »See all Language and gender resources »