Language and Gender Theorists
- Created by: Erin Barker
- Created on: 08-05-19 18:33
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- Language & Gender Theorist
- Deborah Tannen
- proposed the difference model
- male personality comes first
- Status vs importance
- Men concerned with status and independence
- Independence vs intimacy
- Advice vs understanding
- Show support rather than solutions and show understanding by compromise
- Orders vs proposals
- Conflict vs compromise
- Women interested in forming bonds and trying to avoid conflict
- shows male superiority
- men seek to achieve the upper hand or prevent others dominating them
- Talking is a way for women to gain confidence and support in their ideas
- Don Zimmerman & Candice West
- in mixed gender conversations men are more likely to interrupt
- 96% male interruption
- introduces male dominance
- 62% of females fell silent after being interrupted
- only studied up to age 30
- Robin Lakoff
- researched the way womens interaction differs from men
- characteristics of female language
- more tag questions
- more empty adjectives such as 'lovely'
- more hedges 'sort of'
- Swear less
- Speak less
- Use minimal responses to show they are listening
- Hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation
- Deborah Jones & Jennifer Coates
- looked at all female conversations
- housetalk, scandal, bitching and chatting
- men will reject topics of conversation introduced by women
- can be used for theory of dominance and defecit
- William O'barr & Bowman Atkins
- conversations between different gender fails
- language of the courtroom
- found female lawyers to be assertive and interrupt
- 30 months
- speech difference due to power not gender
- Geoffrey Beattie
- men interrupted equally to women
- 10 hours of conversation
- did not use variables
- 557 interruptions compared to Zimmerman & West
- men interrupted more but not enough to be statistically different
- Pamela Fishman
- men speak twice as long as women
- women ask more questions to gain understanding
- analysed several hours of conversation between 3 white, American, hetero-sexual, middle class couples
- women ask three times as many questions as men
- women use supportive minimal noises to show interest
- topics initiated by women not always taken into conversation
- Women work hard to keep conversation going
- Dale Spender
- male sustain power through speech
- male is the norm
- uses research of Zimmerman & West
- men control language in patriarchal system
- Language reflects a patriarchal society
- Male is the basic element of language and the sorting system
- Deborah Cameron
- verbal hygeine
- a way to make sense of language and the symbolic attempt to impose order on the social world
- proper speech style
- women socialised to be feminine so language must affect it
- Women are instructed on how to talk properly
- verbal hygeine
- Deborah Tannen
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