Language and Gender Theories
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- Created on: 05-02-22 11:46
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- Language and Gender Theory
- Deborah Cameron
- women's verbal conduct is important in many cultures; women are instructed in how to talk just as they are told how to dress
- this acceptance of "proper" speech style, Cameron calls "verbal hygiene"
- women's verbal conduct is important in many cultures; women are instructed in how to talk just as they are told how to dress
- Jennifer Coates and Deborah Jones
- 1990 study on women's oral culture, and categorises tyoes
- House talk: exchange of information and resources connected with the female role as an occupation
- Scandal: judging of behaviour of others, particularly women, usually in terms of domestic morality
- Bitching: overt expression of women's anger of their restricted role in society, expressed in private and to other women only
- Chatting: the most intimate form of gossip, where women use to their own advantage the skills they have learnt as part of their nurturing roles
- 1990 study on women's oral culture, and categorises tyoes
- Dominance vs Difference theories
- Dominance
- In mixed-sex conversations men are more likely to interrupt than women
- Uses a 1975 study by Zimmerman and West. In 11 conversations between men and women, men used 46 interruptions, whereas women only used 2.
- Pamela Fishman: she argues that conversation between sexes something fails not because of women, but because of how men respond
- Dale Spender: language embodies structures than maintain male power. Refers to Zimmerman and West, to the view of male as the norm and patriarchal order of the world we live in enforces male power
- Uses a 1975 study by Zimmerman and West. In 11 conversations between men and women, men used 46 interruptions, whereas women only used 2.
- In mixed-sex conversations men are more likely to interrupt than women
- Difference
- Deborah Tannen: male and female language has a series of six contrasts
- status vs support
- Independence vs intimacy
- Advice vs understanding
- Information vs feeling
- Orders vs proposals
- Conflict vs compromise
- Deborah Tannen: male and female language has a series of six contrasts
- Dominance
- Report talk vs rapport talk
- Women: talk too much, talk in private contexts, build relationships, overlaps, speak symmetrically
- Men: get more air time, speak in public, negotiate status, speak one at a time, speak asymmetrically
- Robin Lakoff - 1975
- Women: hedge more, use super polite forms, use tag questions, speak in italics, use empty adjectives, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation
- use direct quote, use question intonation, speak less frequently, overuse qualifiers, apologise more, use modal constructions, avoid expletives, lack humour, use more intensifiers
- use direct quote, use question intonation, speak less frequently, overuse qualifiers, apologise more, use modal constructions, avoid expletives, lack humour, use more intensifiers
- Women: hedge more, use super polite forms, use tag questions, speak in italics, use empty adjectives, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation
- O'Barr and Atikins
- Looked into courtroom cases and witnesses' speeches
- Challenges Lakoff's views
- They show that language differences are based on situation-specific authority or authority and gender
- Looked into courtroom cases and witnesses' speeches
- Deborah Cameron
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