Language and Context Spoken
- Created by: Tashie7
- Created on: 21-03-16 17:24
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- Language and Context (Spoken)
- The Oppositional View
- Speech is: loosely structures, grammatically simple, decontextualized, informal, spontaneous, concerned with the present, a dialogue, ephemeral and interpersonal.
- Writing is: highly structures. grammatically complex, contextualised, formal, planned, concerned with the past and the future, a monologue, objective and durable.
- Alternatives to the Oppositional VIew
- The Speech-writing continuum
- Place texts at different points on a line, according to their linguistic features in relation to their conventional ideas about speech and writing.
- Radial Structure idea
- The further away the text is from the centre, the less features of (specific) language there is.
- The Speech-writing continuum
- Conversation theories
- Accomodation Theory by Howard Giles 1970.
- Theorised that we adjust our speech to accommodate the person that we are speaking to and that we do this through convergence and divergence.
- The Cooperative Principle
- Theorises that conversation only works because speakers agree to abide by rules and regulations that make conversation work.
- Grice's four maxims
- Quantity- say no more or less than is required.
- Manner- avoid ambiguity and be orderly in your utterances.
- Relevance- your speech should be relevant to the on going conversation.
- Quality- be truthful with your speech,
- Flouting is not adhering to Grice's Maxim's and can effect conversation.
- Breakdown of conversation.
- Dissatisfaction from other speaker.
- Constant flouters are often referred to negativelhy.
- Implicature is appearing to be breaking Grice's maxims on the surface but its actually giving more detail.
- Accomodation Theory by Howard Giles 1970.
- Accent, dialect, sociolect and idiolect
- Overt prestige is conforming to the high status norms and values of society.
- Covert prestige is conforming to the counter-cultural norms of society.
- What social factors influence our language?
- Socio-economic
- Age
- Education
- Occupation
- Culture/religion
- Spoken discourse structure
- Labov's narrative categories
- 1. Abstract- indication of the narrative beginning.
- 2.Orientation- the 5W's of the narrative to provide context.
- 3. Complicating action- the main body providing a range of detail.
- 4. Resolution- the final events to give the narrative closure.
- 5. Coda- a sign that the narrative is complete
- Evaluation- additions to the basic story.
- Labov's narrative categories
- Functions of Spoken language
- Transactional- a verbal exchange where the main emphasis is on getting something done.
- Referential- utterances that provide information
- Interactional- where the main emphasis is on maintaining a social relationship between participants.
- Phatic- utterances that re devoid of content but play an important role in relationships.
- Expressive- utterances that express speakers feeling/emotion
- Politeness principle
- Robyn Lakoff
- Don't impose to avoid intruding.
- Give options to avoid making the listener feel abliged
- Make your receiver feel good.
- Geoffrey Leech
- Tact- minimise cost to listener/ maximise cost to speaker.
- Generosity- minimise benefit to speaker; maximise to listener.
- Approbation- minimise dispraise to listener
- Modesty- minimise praise of speaker.
- Agreement- minimise disagreement.
- Sympathy- maximise sympathy.
- Brown and Levinson
- Positive politeness- being complimentary to the addressee.
- Negative politeness- found in ways of softening what is being said.
- Hedging, Pessimism, indicating deference, apologising and impersonalising are all ways of avoiding a FTA.
- Robyn Lakoff
- Text message spelling features
- Deletion, clipping, homophones, phonetic spelling, acronym, emoticons and reduplication.
- The Oppositional View
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