Language
- Created by: Emily-Jade99
- Created on: 03-01-18 18:28
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- Language
- 'Feral child' Genie never gained language abilities
- Evidence suggests that language abilities need to be acquired by ages 4-6 to avoid serious issues
- Romanian orphanges
- Language - The ability to communicate intentionally and symbolically
- Intention - The capacity for referential meaning
- Symbolic - System of symbols that represent those referents
- Crystal (1997) identified 8 main functions of language, including communication, social interaction and attempt to control the environment
- The human capacity for language
- Evolutionary perspective - The symbolic abilities of human language made it possible for another mode of biological adaptation
- Language is a form of knowledge and humans have evolved the capacity to use this knowledge
- Speech involves the production of a series of sounds in a continuous stream, punctuated by pauses, modulated by stress and changes in pitch
- Human auditory system is responsible for performing the complex task of enabling us to recognise speech sounds
- Phonemes are elements of speech (smallest units of sound that contribute to the meaning of the word)
- Speech production is the result of a coordinated set of muscles in the face, mouth and throat
- Production of speech
- Sounds produced in 2 ways...
- Vibrating vocal chords - 2 folds of skin in throat can be made to vibrate
- Altering positions of components of throat and mouth
- Word order can change the meaning of a sentence
- Word class - The grammatical categories (e.g. noun/verbs); words can be classified as function words or context words
- Context words - Express meaning
- Function words - Express relation between context (key in sentence structure)
- Sounds produced in 2 ways...
- Affixes - Sounds that we add to the beginning prefixes or end suffixes
- Speech comprehension involves knowledge about the world and the situations encountered in it
- Language development begins before birth as foetuses can hear muffled speech (hears mother's voice best and most often)
- Evidence of 2-3 week old babies discriminating between sound of voice and other sounds
- By 2 months, babies can tell an angry tone from a pleasant one
- Kaplin & Kaplin (1970) = The 1st sound infants make is crying, at 1 month, they start to make other sounds (e.g. cooing). At 6 months, their sounds begin to resemble those of speech
- You start to learn the meaning of words at 10-12 months
- Most attempts at preverbal infant communication fall into 3 categories
- Rejection - Typically involves pushing unwanted objects away and using a facial expression
- Request for social interaction
- Comment
- A request for social interaction usually involves gestures and vocalisations to attract caregiver's attention
- Brain structures for language
- 'Tan' was a patients of Broca's that could only say that word - HOWEVER - he retained his intelligence and the ability to answer mathematical questions
- An autopsy showed there was damage to the left inferior frontal region (Broca's area)
- Aphasia - Total or partial loss of the ability to either produce or comprehend spoken language
- Broca's aphasia = issues with producing speech
- Wernicke's aphasia = Damage to superior surface of temporal lobe causes virtually meaningless speech
- Broca's and Wernicke's area are connected by a band of fibres called the Arcuate Fasciculus
- Global aphasia
- Global aphasia - Loss of essentially all language functions (e.g. speaking, reading, etc.)
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