Language theories
Teacher recommended
?- Created by: jm6144
- Created on: 09-03-16 11:26
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- Language Theories
- Lakoff
- Women Hedge
- e.g. Sort of, kind of, it seems like
- Women use super polite forms
- Women speak in italics
- Women use empty adjectives
- Womn use hypercorrect grammar and punctuation
- Women use direct quotes, men rephrase more often
- Women have a special lexicon
- e.g. colour
- Women use question intonation in declaratives
- Women Hedge
- Deborah Tannen
- Male speech = norm women should adapt to
- Different reactions perplex men
- Status vs. Support
- Men gain status through speech
- Women seek support or consensus
- Conflict vs. Compromise
- Men resist vocally
- Women acceed conversation then complain after
- independence vs. Intimacy
- Men have independent focuses in situations
- Women focus on intimacy and closeness
- Orders vs. Proposal
- Men use imperative commands
- Women make suggestions
- Information vs. Feeling
- Men attempt to gain information
- Women discuss/ comment on feeling
- Advice vs. Understanding
- Women use conversation to understand a situation
- Men use conversation to give advice
- Male speech = norm women should adapt to
- Dominance Theory
- Men attempt to gain dominance by giving women limited linguistic freedom
- Zimmerman and West
- Men interrupt more frequently
- 11 mixed 2 partied conversations
- Men = 96%
- Women = 4%
- 11 mixed 2 partied conversations
- 11 mixed 2 partied conversations
- Men = 96%
- Women = 4%
- Men interrupt more frequently
- Difference Theory
- Other than gender, other contexts effect language
- Jane Alkington 1992
- Same sex conversations for women were more collaborative
- Women used more politeness strategies
- Janet Holmes
- Tag questions could be an attempt to maintain conversation and politeness rather than to clarify
- Multi-functional rather than a form of weakness
- Tag questions could be an attempt to maintain conversation and politeness rather than to clarify
- Koenraad Kuipe 1991
- Men in rugby teams don't appear to save face and use insults.
- Shultz/ Cameron/ Mills
- Marked words
- Mills- Female equality mean promiscuity
- Jennifer Coats 1989
- All-female talk is co-operative, offer negotiations and support
- Wasn't found in mixed-talk. Evidence of differing socio-cultural exprectations
- Obar
- Some aspect of women's language appeared in lover classes
- 'Women's language' became 'powerless language'
- Other
- Randall 1987
- Girls have lengthier contact with 1:! interactions with teachers
- Boys= 56 seconds Girls= 3 minutes 45 seconds
- Girls have lengthier contact with 1:! interactions with teachers
- Spender 1982
- Boys are more frequently involved in teacher instigated conversations
- Peter Trugilll 1970's
- Women more likely to you prestige language
- Men you lower prestige to become covert and appear tough
- When a word or lexical item has gender associations adding a modifier changes the associations
- e.g. Nurse / male nurse
- Fishman 1978
- Women initiate more topics in mixed-sex conversations
- Women = 62% Men = 38%
- Women initiate more topics in mixed-sex conversations
- Fishman 1990
- In mixed-sex conversations men speak twice as long
- Fishman 1980/3
- Fishman 1978
- Women initiate more topics in mixed-sex conversations
- Women = 62% Men = 38%
- Women initiate more topics in mixed-sex conversations
- Women used 2.5 times more questions in mixed-talk conversations
- Other
- Randall 1987
- Girls have lengthier contact with 1:! interactions with teachers
- Boys= 56 seconds Girls= 3 minutes 45 seconds
- Girls have lengthier contact with 1:! interactions with teachers
- Spender 1982
- Boys are more frequently involved in teacher instigated conversations
- Peter Trugilll 1970's
- Women more likely to you prestige language
- Men you lower prestige to become covert and appear tough
- When a word or lexical item has gender associations adding a modifier changes the associations
- e.g. Nurse / male nurse
- Fishman 1990
- In mixed-sex conversations men speak twice as long
- Fishman 1980/3
- Women used 2.5 times more questions in mixed-talk conversations
- Randall 1987
- Fishman 1978
- Randall 1987
- Lakoff
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