Lang Change
- Created by: Jessica Harrington
- Created on: 24-05-13 10:08
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- Lang Change
- Lexical Change
- Borrowing
- Derivation & Affixation
- Prefixes
- class changing
- class maintaining
- Suffixes
- nouns
- verbs
- adjectives
- adverbs
- Prefixes
- Replacement
- Conversion
- Back formation
- Clipping
- Blending
- Acronyms
- Eponym
- Coinage
- Semantic Change
- Broadening/ Generalisation
- Narrowing/ Specialisation
- Amelioration
- Perjoration
- Metaphor
- Idioms
- Euphemism
- Dysphemism
- Connotation
- Obsolete
- Political Correctness
- Semantic Shift
- Slang
- British Context
- Grid
- Gender & Sexuality
- Class
- Formality /Informality
- Materialism
- Education
- Employment & economy
- Age
- Race
- Religiom
- Community/ Individuality
- Technology & Science
- Pre exam history
- Old English 3rd-10th C.
- Battle of Hastings
- Middle English 12th-15th C.
- Chaucer
- French
- Early Modern English 15th-17th C.
- Printing Press
- Shakespeare
- Great Vowel Shift
- Old English 3rd-10th C.
- Exam Text History
- Late Modern English 18th- 20th C.
- Johnson's Dictionary
- Industrial Revolution
- British Empire
- Women
- WW1
- Late Modern English 18th- 20th C.
- A history of Dictionaries
- Johnson's Dictionary, 1st prestigious.
- Lowth's Grammar book
- Grose's Vulgar tongue
- Oxford English Dictionary
- Rostens Joys of Yiddish
- OED online dictionary.
- Attitudes
- Prescriptivist/ descriptivist
- Diachronic/ synchronic change
- 14th C. monk claimed English was strange
- 18th C. rules were admired
- Swift urged formation of academy to regulate lang use.
- Donald MacKinnon
- Jean Aitchison
- English as a world lang
- Diversity
- Due to invasion, travelling & trade
- Pros/Cons of a world lang
- Modern Development
- Technology
- Media
- Fashion
- Grid
- Grammatical Change
- Orthography
- Due to phonological change, standardisation & technology
- CAPITALISATION
- 18th C. Swift & Dryden implemented rule for capitalisation
- Punctuation
- pre 18th C.-Oblique Strokes / virgule used to replace commas, now revived for new tech.
- Colons & semi colons common feature = sentence complexity
- Speech marks used but slightly differently.
- Colons & semi colons common feature = sentence complexity
- 19th C.- pointing still in use. Colons & semi colons used less, brackets used (for aside)
- 20th C.- Frequent use of non standard punctuation, use of numerals to represent words, abbreviations & use of ampersand.
- pre 18th C.-Oblique Strokes / virgule used to replace commas, now revived for new tech.
- 18th C.- Formal style, complex sentences, long 's' left over from Old Eng replaced around 1800.
- Influences: standardisation, ararchial/ formal society, writing valued as separate from speech.
- 19th C.- formality still evident, sentences less complex, spelling consistent
- Influences: standardisation, availability of Dictionaries, changes in class attitudes, universal education
- 20th C.- simpler sentences, more minor/simple sentences, non-standard spelling & punctuation
- Influences: American/world wide Eng, tech, equality, oral lang empahasis, growing informality, growth of leisure & entertainment.
- Interrogative Mood: historically asked questions by inverting verb & subject, now requires use of an auxiliary verb.
- Negation: Early Modern Eng used 'not', now often requires auxiliary verb, in formal Eng not attaches itself to auxiliary but this is rare & we usually use n't.
- Forming Plurals: Old Eng many ways of forming plurals, decreased in Middle Eng, in Modern Eng just 2 ways: adding -s or -n.
- Grammar gradually neatened although some previous forms still exist
- Verbs: Old Eng 3 verbs 1)irregular 2)stron 3)weak. Modern Eng weak is now most common, regular verbs. Only a few hundred irregular ones remain.
- Verbs neaten- children often make error of forming regular past tense with irregular verbs.
- Slow compared to lexical change. Greater resistence to it as it is more rooted into lang.
- Persuasive Media: introduce greater use of pronouns as synthetic personalisation (Fairclough) results in more conversational tone as it is more effective.
- Orthography
- Phonological Change
- Omission
- Assimilation
- Informalisation
- Eye Dialect
- RP
- Estuary English
- Glottal Stops, L Vocalisation, Yod Coalescence
- Due to Ease of articulation, social change, context, media, American English, other langs.
- Downward/ Upward Convergence/ Divergence
- Fairclough: conversationalisation
- Freeborn: 3 reasons for - attitudes: ugliness, incorrectness & impreciseness
- Jean Autchison: 3 metaphors.
- Changes in Pragmatics
- Howard Giles Accommodation Theory
- Graphological
- Space, shape, font, colour, image, size
- Due to technology, printing press, computers, obile, internet
- Lexical Change
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