Key Points Of Joints
- Created by: Catherine
- Created on: 13-10-15 20:30
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- Joints: An articulation or joint is a place of union between two or more bones regardless of the degree of movement allowed by the union
- Synarthroses: Don't allow movement
- Suture: a joint in which the bones are joined together by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue, like sutures of the skull
- Syndesmosis: bones are connected by the ligaments between the bones e.g the Radius and Ulna bones
- Gomphosis: conical process in a socket held together by ligaments like a tooth in a socket
- Amphiarthroses: only allow for slight movement
- Symphysis: the bones are joined by a disk of fibrocartilage, as in the pubic symphysis
- A synchondrosis: a joint where two bony surfaces are joined by hyaline cartilage, like the growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone. Some people may classify this as a synarthroses
- Diarthroses /Synovial : freely moving joints
- Characterized by having capsular structure with an internal cavity
- The capsule joint can be made up of many different kinds of tissue
- Fibrous cartilage
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Muscle
- Synovial membranes
- Diarthroses/ Synovial joints have different functions
- They bear weight and allow movement
- The ligaments, tendons, muscles and articular cartilage provide stability
- The Synovial fluid lubricates surfaces and nourishes the cartilage
- Movements at Synovial Joints
- Flexion: decreases the angle between bones
- Extension: increases the angle between bones
- Hyperextension: increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position
- Dorisflexion: raises the foot upward the ankle joint
- Plantar Extension: pushes the foot down at the ankle joint
- Abduction: moves a bone away from the midline
- Adduction: moves a bone toward the midline
- Rotation: moves a bone around a central axis, perpendicular to the axis
- Circumduction: moves a bone so the end of it describes a circle and the sides of it describe a cone
- Supination: moves the palm of the hand to an upright position or from a posterior to an anterior position if at the side of the body
- Pronation: moves the palm of the hand to a downward position or an anterior position to a posterior position if at the side of the body
- Eversion : moves the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
- Inversion : moves the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
- Protraction: moves a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground
- Retraction: moves a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground
- Elevation: raises a part of the body
- Depression: lowers a part of the body
- Opposition: unique to the thumb, allows the tip of the thumb and fingers to be brought together
- Reposition: opposite of opposition
- Six types of diarthroses or synovial joints
- The Ball and Socket Joint ( multiaxial ) allows movement, as in the shoulder or hip joint
- The Hinge Joint ( uniaxil ) limits movement to flexion and extension, examples are the knee, elbow, and the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers and toes
- The Pivot Joint ( Uniaxil ) limits movement to rotation in one plane, such as the atlas and axis articulation in the spine
- The Condyloid joint or ellipsoidal ( biaxial ) joint allows movement in two planes at right angles to one another, located at the carpal- metacarpal articulation in the thumb
- The gliding Joint ( multiaxial ) allows only gliding motion, as the intervertebral joints in the spine
- The Saddle joint ( biaxial ) found only in the thumb, allows movement in two places at right angles to one another, located at the carpal- metacarpal articulation in the thumb
- Bursae: closed sacs with synovial membrane lining that prevents friction between overlapping tissues
- Subcutaneous : found within the skin and underlying bony processes
- Subfascial: found where muscles overlie each other
- Subtendinous : found where one tendon overlies another or overlies a bony projection
- Synarthroses: Don't allow movement
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