ISSUES AND DEBATES - Gender and Culture bias
- Created by: EmilyEther
- Created on: 05-04-19 10:06
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- Gender and Culture bias
- General
- def bias: inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair
- theories / research may be biased or show bias
- UNIVERSALITY: psych principles should be applicable to all people, regardless of characteristics, background etc
- difference NOT THE SAME as bias
- many theories include gen / cult biases. They can be described as E**ENTIALIST (suggesting that gend diffs are inevitable and fixed)
- eg. attachment theory
- women getting pregnant
- sexual selection - evolutionary theory
- Types of bias
- ALPHA BIAS: exaggeration of difference, devaluing one group (females, males, one culture group) eg. psychodynamic
- BETA BIAS: using subject from one particular group then try to generalise this to other groups
- ignoring or minimising differences
- biopsychology: tend and befriend - oxytocin
- ** being developed in western cultures
- Gender bias
- ANDROCENTRISM - centred or focused on men
- publication bias - male names more likely to be accepted (and will be higher rated) over female name
- KOHLBERG moral development - just used teen boys. assumed female scored lower
- GILLIGAN - males have justice orientation, female have caring one
- alpha - women are not as moral as men
- research egs. Asch, Milgram, Zimbardo
- Cultural bias
- example, German's are different hypothesis (Milgram), strange situation
- usually Western VS other countries (not Eastern)
- psychology as a subject is Western based - use of tools inappropriately in other countries (IQ test, strange situation)
- IQ test - alpha bias - used to argue that some cultures are intellectually inferior to others. Beta bias - use of tool designed for Western cultures elsewhere
- ethnocentrism - seeing things from the point of view of ourselves and our social group. Evaluating other groups of people using the standards and customs of your own culture
- culture relativism - behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is from the point of view from that culture
- emic and etic - forced / imposed etic. Inappropriate applying things to other cultures
- HOFSTEDE - identified 'four dimensions of culture' - diff cultures handle same probs differently
- power distance (hierarchy of power)
- collectivism VS individualism (West)
- eg. self-actualisation is not desirable to collectivist cultures in Maslow's hierarchy
- masculinity VS femininity
- uncertainty avoidance
- later added: restraint / indulgence, short / long term thinking
- imposed etic research
- strange situation: western child rearing being pushed on other cultures
- Israeli kibbutzums - collectivist, regarded as insecure avoidant
- conformity / obedience: Asch, power distance
- social exchange theory - individ/collect
- bandura: masculinity / femininity
- maternal deprivation hypoth: individ/collect
- offender surveys: restraint / indulgence
- strange situation: western child rearing being pushed on other cultures
- General
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