institutional aggression
- Created by: mollskie49
- Created on: 09-06-13 13:14
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- institutional aggression
- Within groups – PRISONS
- Recorded assault rose by 61% 2000-2009 (Howard League for Penal Reform).
- Stats estimated as much as 70,000 inmates are victims of sexual violence behind bars (Beck and Harrison).
- Importation model
- Interpersonal factors
- Arwin and Creasey - argue that prisoners are not blank states when they enter
- They bring in social histories and personal traits so many of the normative systems developed in the outside world are imported into prison
- Arwin and Creasey - argue that prisoners are not blank states when they enter
- Gang membership
- Several studies – Allender and Marcel – gang members engage disproportionately in acts of violence
- Pre-prison gang membership imp determinant of prison misconduct
- Members of street gangs offend at higher levels than non gang member counterparts
- Account for disprop amount of serious and violent crime
- Gang members ten times more likely to murder and three times more likely to assault in public than non gang member of similar age/background.
- Account for disprop amount of serious and violent crime
- Members of street gangs offend at higher levels than non gang member counterparts
- Pre-prison gang membership imp determinant of prison misconduct
- DeLisi et al – inmates with prior street gang involvement no more likely to engage in prison violence
- This could be explained by the fact that violent gang members isolated from general inmate population restricting opportunities for violence
- Fisher – isolating known gang members reduced rates of serious assault by 50%.
- This could be explained by the fact that violent gang members isolated from general inmate population restricting opportunities for violence
- Several studies – Allender and Marcel – gang members engage disproportionately in acts of violence
- Research supports individual factors e.g. age, education level, race
- Harer and Steffenmeir – data from 58 prisons in US found that black inmates had higher rates of violent behaviour but lower rates of drug and alcohol related misconduct.
- These patterns paralleled racial difs in US society therefore support imp model
- Harer and Steffenmeir – data from 58 prisons in US found that black inmates had higher rates of violent behaviour but lower rates of drug and alcohol related misconduct.
- Interpersonal factors
- deprivation model
- situation factors
- Prisoner/patient aggression is product of stressful and oppressive conditions of the institution itself – Paterline and Peterson
- Hodgkinson et al – trainee nurses more likely to suffer violent assault than experienced ones
- Davis and Burgess – prison settings, length of service also sig factor with more experienced officers less likely to experience assault
- Hodgkinson et al – trainee nurses more likely to suffer violent assault than experienced ones
- Prisoner/patient aggression is product of stressful and oppressive conditions of the institution itself – Paterline and Peterson
- The pains of imprisonment
- Sykes – specific deprivations inmates experience within prisons which might be linked to increase in violence
- Include loss of liberty, loss of autonomy and loss of security
- Potential threats to person’s security increases anxiety levels even if majority of prisoners pose no sig threat
- Inmates cope with imprisonment in dif ways, some withdraw and others rebel
- Potential threats to person’s security increases anxiety levels even if majority of prisoners pose no sig threat
- Include loss of liberty, loss of autonomy and loss of security
- Sykes – specific deprivations inmates experience within prisons which might be linked to increase in violence
- McCorkley – overcrowding, lack of privacy and lack of meaningful activity significantly influenced peer violence
- Research inconsistent in findings
- Nijman et al – increased personal space in psych institution failed to decrease levels of violent incidents amongst patients
- Research inconsistent in findings
- situation factors
- Combining deprivational and importation models
- Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando – found support for both models
- Deprivation model better able to explain violence against prison staff
- Importation model more able to explain violence against other inmates
- Deprivation model challenged by research by Poole and Kegoli
- Best indicator of violence amongst juveniles was pre-institutional factors regardless of other factors in institution
- Deprivation model challenged by research by Poole and Kegoli
- Importation model more able to explain violence against other inmates
- Deprivation model better able to explain violence against prison staff
- Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando – found support for both models
- Real-world application
- Wilson – changed the environment to make it less prison-like and pleasant
- Changes virtually eradicated assault on staff and inmates
- Political pressure and argued that ‘cannot give the best things to the worst prisoners’
- Led to units changing regimes in dif direction
- Political pressure and argued that ‘cannot give the best things to the worst prisoners’
- Changes virtually eradicated assault on staff and inmates
- Wilson – changed the environment to make it less prison-like and pleasant
- Recorded assault rose by 61% 2000-2009 (Howard League for Penal Reform).
- Between groups – GENOCIDE
- Institution may refer to whole section of society defined by ethnicity, religion or some other specific feature
- Violence could occur if one institution’s (INST) interaction with other is characterised by hostility
- Staub’s model of genocide
- 5Stages in process of genocide
- 1. Difficult social conditions leading to
- 2. Scape-goating of particular group
- 3. Negative evaluation or dehumanisation of target group leading to
- 4. Moral values and rules become inapplicable and killing begins
- 5. Passivity of others e.g. UN enhances the process
- 4. Moral values and rules become inapplicable and killing begins
- 3. Negative evaluation or dehumanisation of target group leading to
- 2. Scape-goating of particular group
- 1. Difficult social conditions leading to
- 5Stages in process of genocide
- Dehumanisation
- Human beings usually have moral inhibitions about killing other humans
- This changes if target group dehumanised
- Members seen as worthless animals not worthy of moral consideration
- This changes if target group dehumanised
- Social dominance orientation is personality variable which predicts social/political attitudes
- Esses et al – individuals high in SDO had higher tendency to dehumanize out-group members in particular foreign refugees and asylum seekers
- Human beings usually have moral inhibitions about killing other humans
- Obedience to authority
- Milgram believed that the Holocaust primarily result of situational pressures that forced Nazi soldiers to obey their leader regardless of any personal moral repugnance
- Mandel rejects Milgram’s claims
- Argues that his account is mono-causal + doesn’t match historical records
- Institution may refer to whole section of society defined by ethnicity, religion or some other specific feature
- Within groups – PRISONS
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