Immunity
- Created by: Sophie
- Created on: 01-12-13 11:30
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- Immunity
- Disease
- A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.
- Gas exchange system- mucus lining in lung epithelium and cilia protect against pathogens.
- Cilia waft and move pathogens up trachea
- Pathogens can reach alveoli, invade call and cause damage
- Skin
- Pathogens can enter bloodstream
- Blood clotting prevents this
- Digestive System
- Stomach acid
- The bacteria that survives passes into intestines and invade cells in the gut wall to causes disease
- Producing toxins and cell damage
- Lysis, breaking down nutrients inside the cell for their own use, replicating inside cells and causing lysis
- Lifestyle
- Smoking, alcohol, poor diet, exposure to sunlight, lack of exercise, saturated fat
- The Immune System
- Antigens are proteins, glycoproteins or polysaccharides that trigger an immune response
- Antibodies can produce antitoxins, mark bacteria for a phagocyte to engulf it or bind to the antigen and cause lysis
- A disulphide bridge on an antibody holds polypeptides together
- The hinge region allows the antibody to change shape and bind to more than one antigen
- Complementary to antigen, forms antibody-antigen complex.
- Types of antibody
- Opsonins- bind to antigen, act as marker to attract phagocytes
- Lysins- bind to antigen, cause lysis
- Agglutinins- stick pathogens together so they can't enter a host cell
- Phagocytosis
- Recognises antigens
- Cytoplasm surround pathogen, engulfing it
- Pathogen now contained in a phagocytic vacuole
- Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole, hydrolyses pathogen
- Pathogen now contained in a phagocytic vacuole
- Cytoplasm surround pathogen, engulfing it
- Recognises antigens
- T-Lymphocytes
- Activated by phagocytes
- MR T SOLDIER
- HUMORAL RESPONSE
- Bind to antigens on a pathogen and kill the cell
- By making holes in CSM
- Some activate B cells
- Produce T Memory Cells
- Only respond to an infected, antigen presented cell
- Attaches to antigen presenting cell
- B-Lymphocytes
- NURSE
- CELLULAR RESPONSE
- If a B cell meets an antigen with a complementary shape
- Rapid mitotic division
- Produces plasma cells
- Antibodies
- Osponins, Lysins, Agglutins
- Clones of B cells
- Antibodies
- Produces plasma cells
- Rapid mitotic division
- Memory B cells- long term immunity
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Technique used to produce a large amount of a single antibody outside the body
- Problem- B cells are short lived and only divide inside an organism
- separating a chemical from a mixture
- Immunoassay
- Calculating amounts of a substance from a mixture, pregnancy tests
- Cancer treatment
- Antibodies bind with antigens on cancer cells due to complementary shape, enzyme activates drug, minimal damage to other cells
- Transplant surgery
- Immunoassay
- Technique used to produce a large amount of a single antibody outside the body
- Vaccines
- Use dead or attenuated pathogens so the antigens are still intact
- Or remove antigens and use them
- Success due to; medical infrastructure, cost effective, herd immunity, few side effects
- Disadvantage of oral vaccines- could be broken down by enzymes in the gut or the molecules may be too large to be absorbed into the blood
- Booster vaccines ensure memory cells are produced
- Side affects e.g allergies, process of killing microbes may not be 100% effective, changed antigens due to mutations, organisms are non virulent
- Use dead or attenuated pathogens so the antigens are still intact
- Disease
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