Immunity
- Created by: ebflynn1999
- Created on: 19-12-15 11:08
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- Immunity
- Phagocytosis
- NON SPECIFIC RESPONSE
- Phagocytes attracted to pathogen by chemicals
- Phagocytes receptors attach to chemicals
- Lysosomes migrate towards pathogen and engulf
- Lysosome release lysosome enzymes to hydrolyse bacterium
- Hydrolysis product of bacterium's absorbed by phagocyte
- Vesicle/Vacuole formed
- Hydrolysis product of bacterium's absorbed by phagocyte
- Lysosome release lysosome enzymes to hydrolyse bacterium
- Lysosomes migrate towards pathogen and engulf
- Phagocytes receptors attach to chemicals
- Antibodies
- 4 x polypeptide chains (quaternary)
- Forms antigen-antibody complex
- PREPARE antigens for destruction
- Cause agglutination to clump together
- 'mark' antigens
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Single type of antibody that's cloned
- Used to target specific cells eg. cancer
- Non toxic and specific = less side effects
- Attach themselves to receptors of cancer cells, stopping the chemical signals that stimulate growth
- DIRECT (Herceptin)
- MAGIC BULLET
- Cytotoxic drug that's attatched to the monoclonal antibody
- Disadvantage: Uses mice to induce cancer and presents dangers
- Advantage: Been used successfully to treat
- NON DIRECT
- How they're produced:
- Mouse exposed to non-self material
- Mouses B cells produce mixture of antibodies
- Mixed with readily dividing cells eg. cancer
- Detergent added to break cell membranes to allow to fuse
- Now called Hybridoma cells. Separated under a microscope, Each cloned.
- Any clone producing the antibody they want is cloned
- Now called Hybridoma cells. Separated under a microscope, Each cloned.
- Detergent added to break cell membranes to allow to fuse
- Mixed with readily dividing cells eg. cancer
- Mouses B cells produce mixture of antibodies
- Mouse exposed to non-self material
- 2 antigen binding sites to attach to 2 antigens to clump them together
- Disulphide bonds
- Cell mediated immunity (T cells)
- Phagocyte englufs pathogen
- Places the pathogens antigens on its surface
- Receptors of T cell are complementary to the antigens on the surface
- Stimulates T cells to divide by mitosis
- Memory cells
- Enable rapid response in the future
- Killer cells
- protein called perforin makes holes in cell surface membrane making it freely permeable to all substances
- Helper cells
- Stimulates B cells to divide and T cells to produce their antibody
- Supressor cells
- Delays reproduction of bacteria
- Memory cells
- Stimulates T cells to divide by mitosis
- Receptors of T cell are complementary to the antigens on the surface
- Places the pathogens antigens on its surface
- Mature in the Thymus gland
- Phagocyte englufs pathogen
- Humoral Immunity (B cells)
- Macrophage engulfs pathogen
- Presents antigens on its surface
- Complementry B cell antibody attaches to antigen
- Endocytosis, B cell engulf antigens
- T helper cell attaches to antigens on B cell and stimulates to divide
- CLONAL SELECTION
- Memory cells
- Plasma cells
- CLONAL SELECTION
- T helper cell attaches to antigens on B cell and stimulates to divide
- Endocytosis, B cell engulf antigens
- Complementry B cell antibody attaches to antigen
- Presents antigens on its surface
- Mature in the bone marrow
- Macrophage engulfs pathogen
- Defence mechenisms
- Specific
- Response is slower and specific to each patogen
- Non specific
- Response is immediate and the same for all pathogens
- Specific
- NON SELF
- Lymphocytes that have receptors that only fit foreign cells remain
- All others die or are supressed
- Lymphocytes that have receptors that only fit foreign cells remain
- Vaccinations
- Active immunity
- Stimulating individuals own antibodies
- Natural
- When the bodys infected it makes its own antibodies
- Artificial
- Antibodies injected
- Natural
- Stimulating individuals own antibodies
- Passive immunity
- introduction of antibodies from outside
- Eg. snake venom and when antibodies pass from placenta to foetus
- introduction of antibodies from outside
- Successful vaccine
- Few side effects
- Must be possible to vaccinate mast majority to produce herd immunity
- Large population vaccinated to stop pathogen spreading
- Why the may not eliminate disease
- Some may have defective immune systems
- May mutate frequently, pathogen no longer recognised by immune system
- May have objections for ethical reasons
- Why the may not eliminate disease
- Large population vaccinated to stop pathogen spreading
- Active immunity
- Phagocytosis
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