Immunity
- Created by: charlie_h
- Created on: 31-05-16 17:50
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- Immunity
- non-specific
- mast cells
- produce histamine
- responsible for inflamation
- as it makes capillary walls more permeable so more leukocytes can enter infected area
- responsible for inflamation
- produce histamine
- physical barriers
- eg. skin, mucus
- phagocytosis
- phagocyte attracted infected area by chemical trail produced by non-self pathogens
- phagocyte moves by chemotaxis process to pathogen
- receptors on phagocyte cell surface membrane bind to pathogen
- phagocyte membrane the forms vesicle around the pathogen called a phagosome thus engulfing it
- phagosome fuses with lysosome in phagocyte to form phagolysosome
- lysosome contains digestive enzyme lysozyme which digests pathogen
- Neutrophiles then release fragments by process of exocytosis
- macrophages then associate pathogen's antigens with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which is presented on cell surface
- now they are called an antigen presenting cell (APC)
- these then travel to lymphatic system to help stimulate specific response
- now they are called an antigen presenting cell (APC)
- lysosome contains digestive enzyme lysozyme which digests pathogen
- phagosome fuses with lysosome in phagocyte to form phagolysosome
- phagocyte membrane the forms vesicle around the pathogen called a phagosome thus engulfing it
- receptors on phagocyte cell surface membrane bind to pathogen
- phagocyte moves by chemotaxis process to pathogen
- phagocyte attracted infected area by chemical trail produced by non-self pathogens
- mast cells
- specific
- humoral
- specific B lymphocyte binds to the MHC-antigen complex on APC or pathogen
- B lymphocyte then divides by mitosis to produce...
- memory B lymphocyte
- for the secondary immune response
- plasma cell
- these only live for a few days but can produce up to 2000 specific antibodies a day
- different antibodies have different effects on the different antigens they target
- agglutination = clumps the pathogen together so cannot enter self-cells and multiple pathogens can be engulfed by a single phagocyte
- opsonisation = antibodies coat the outside of the pathogen thus identifying it as non-self to phagocytes
- antitoxins = neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
- by lysis = pathogen destroyed by digestion and rupture of the membrane (for example by opening protien channels
- different antibodies have different effects on the different antigens they target
- these only live for a few days but can produce up to 2000 specific antibodies a day
- memory B lymphocyte
- B lymphocyte then divides by mitosis to produce...
- specific B lymphocyte binds to the MHC-antigen complex on APC or pathogen
- cell mediated
- specific helper T cells receptor (TCR) bind to antigen-MHC complex on APC with aid of CD4
- helper T cell then...
- divides by mitosis to produce another activated helper T cell and memory helper T cell
- secretes cytokines
- which activates specific cytotoxic T cell
- cytotoxic T cell then binds with the aid of CD8 to the pathogen's antigens
- then secretes perforin which perforates the pathogen's cell membrane
- causing lysis causing the pathogen to undergo apoptosis
- then secretes perforin which perforates the pathogen's cell membrane
- also divides by mitosis to produce activated cytotoxic T cell and memory cytotoxic T cell
- cytotoxic T cell then binds with the aid of CD8 to the pathogen's antigens
- which activates specific cytotoxic T cell
- helper T cell then...
- specific helper T cells receptor (TCR) bind to antigen-MHC complex on APC with aid of CD4
- humoral
- non-specific
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