Immune response AQA A level Biology
- Created by: blaise.bb
- Created on: 21-02-22 10:11
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- White Blood Cells
- Lymphocytes
- T Lymphocytes
- Memory T Cells
- Enables rapid secondary immune response. (2nd Infection of same pathogen)
- Cytotoxic T Cells
- Kills abnormal/ infected cells (via releasing perforin a protein )
- Helper T Cells (Th Cells)
- Stimulates B Cells to divide and secrete antibodies
- Cellular Response - The response of T- cells on Foreign Antigens
- 1. Receptors on T-cells bind to antigen presenting cells
- 2. This causes clonal expansion - Rapid division via mitosis
- 3. Cloned T Cells differentiate into different types of T cells
- 4. Cytotoxic T Cells kill infected cells. Th Cells stimulate the Humoral respose
- 3. Cloned T Cells differentiate into different types of T cells
- 2. This causes clonal expansion - Rapid division via mitosis
- 1. Receptors on T-cells bind to antigen presenting cells
- Memory T Cells
- B Lymphocytes
- Plasma Cells
- Produces Antibodies specific to the pathogen
- Memory B Cells
- Produces high no of antibodies in secondary immune response (2nd infection of same pathogen)
- Humoral Response - Response of B Cells to a foreign antigen
- 1. Th Cells & antigen-presenting B Cells stimulate/ initiate the Humoral response
- 2. This causes clonal expansion of B cells
- 3. Cloned B Cells differentiate into different types of B Cells
- 4. Leads to the production of antibodies
- 3. Cloned B Cells differentiate into different types of B Cells
- 2. This causes clonal expansion of B cells
- 1. Th Cells & antigen-presenting B Cells stimulate/ initiate the Humoral response
- Plasma Cells
- T Lymphocytes
- Phagocytes
- Process of Phagocytosis
- 1. Phagocyte leaves the blood & enters tissue under attack
- 2. Damaged cells release chemicals which attract the phagocyte
- 3. Cytoplasm surrounds the pathogen
- 4. Pathogen is enclosed in cell in a vacuole creating a phagosome
- 5, Lysosomes (containing the enzyme lysozyme) fuses with the vacuole
- 6. Lysozyme hydrolyses the pathogen
- 7, Phagocyte presents the pathogens antigens - Phagocyte is a antigen- presenting cell.
- 6. Lysozyme hydrolyses the pathogen
- 5, Lysosomes (containing the enzyme lysozyme) fuses with the vacuole
- 4. Pathogen is enclosed in cell in a vacuole creating a phagosome
- 3. Cytoplasm surrounds the pathogen
- 2. Damaged cells release chemicals which attract the phagocyte
- 1. Phagocyte leaves the blood & enters tissue under attack
- Process of Phagocytosis
- Lymphocytes
- Basic definitions
- Antigens - Specific proteins on the surface of a molecule that allows the body to identify it
- Pathogen
- A disease causing virus, bacteria, fungi or protis that infects animals or plants.
- You feel ill because pathogens damages cells/ alters how they work
- A disease causing virus, bacteria, fungi or protis that infects animals or plants.
- Abnormal body cells
- Toxins
- Cell from another organism but same species. Eg during blood donation
- Antigen variability- Mutation of pathogens causing change in antigens.
- Consequences
- Not recognised by memory cells from first infection
- Have to go through another primary response
- Vaccines become inneffective (eg flu vaccine changes every year
- Not recognised by memory cells from first infection
- Consequences
- Pathogen
- Antigens - Specific proteins on the surface of a molecule that allows the body to identify it
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