Immune response AQA A level Biology


?
  • Created by: blaise.bb
  • Created on: 21-02-22 10:11
View mindmap
  • White Blood Cells
    • Lymphocytes
      • T Lymphocytes
        • Memory T Cells
          • Enables rapid secondary immune response. (2nd Infection of same pathogen)
        • Cytotoxic T Cells
          • Kills abnormal/ infected cells (via releasing perforin a protein )
        • Helper T Cells (Th Cells)
          • Stimulates B Cells to divide and secrete antibodies
        • Cellular Response - The response of T- cells on Foreign Antigens
          • 1. Receptors on T-cells bind to antigen presenting cells
            • 2. This causes clonal expansion - Rapid division via mitosis
              • 3. Cloned T Cells differentiate into different types of T cells
                • 4. Cytotoxic T Cells kill infected cells. Th Cells stimulate the Humoral respose
      • B Lymphocytes
        • Plasma Cells
          • Produces Antibodies specific to the pathogen
        • Memory B Cells
          • Produces high no of antibodies in secondary immune response (2nd infection of same pathogen)
        • Humoral Response - Response of B Cells to a foreign antigen
          • 1. Th Cells & antigen-presenting B Cells stimulate/ initiate the Humoral response
            • 2. This causes clonal expansion of B cells
              • 3. Cloned B Cells differentiate into different types of B Cells
                • 4. Leads to the production of antibodies
    • Phagocytes
      • Process of Phagocytosis
        • 1. Phagocyte leaves the blood & enters  tissue under attack
          • 2. Damaged cells release chemicals which attract the phagocyte
            • 3. Cytoplasm surrounds the pathogen
              • 4. Pathogen is enclosed in cell in a vacuole creating a phagosome
                • 5, Lysosomes (containing the enzyme lysozyme) fuses with the vacuole
                  • 6. Lysozyme hydrolyses the pathogen
                    • 7, Phagocyte presents the pathogens antigens - Phagocyte is a antigen- presenting cell.
  • Basic definitions
    • Antigens - Specific proteins on the surface of a molecule that allows the body to identify it
      • Pathogen
        • A disease causing virus, bacteria, fungi or protis that infects animals or plants.
          • You feel ill because pathogens damages cells/ alters how they work
      • Abnormal body cells
      • Toxins
      • Cell from another organism but same species. Eg during blood donation
      • Antigen variability- Mutation of pathogens causing change in antigens.
        • Consequences
          • Not recognised by memory cells from first infection
            • Have to go through another primary response
          • Vaccines become inneffective (eg flu vaccine changes every year

Comments

blaise.bb

Report

The PDF copy doesn't over lap.

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all Cellular processes resources »