Stages of the Immune Response

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  • Immune Response
    • T-cells activate B-cells which divide into plasma cells
      • This (and substances from the T-cells) activates the B-cell - clonal selection
      • Antibodies on the surface of the B-cell bind to complementary antigens
      • The B-cell divides into various types including plasma cells, memory cells and other B-cells
    • Phagocytes engulf pathogens
      • 3 Pathogen is contained in phagocytic vacuole
      • 2 The cytoplasm of a phagocyte moves around the pathogen, engulfing it
      • 4 Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole & lysozymes break down the pathogen
      • 1 Phagocyte recognises the foreign antigen on a pathogen
      • 5 Phagocyte then presents the pathogen's antigens, which activates other immune system cells
    • Phagocytes activate T-cells
      • Another type of white blood cell. It has receptor proteins on its surface which bind to antigens
      • When an antigen binds to the receptor proteins it activates the T-cells
      • There are different types of T-cells
        • Cytotoxic T-cells, which kill abnormal and foreign cells
        • Helper T-cells = release chemical signals which simulate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells. Also activate B-cells
    • Plasma cells make more antibodies
      • Phagocytes bind to the antibodies and phagocytose many pathogens at once
        • Destruction of pathogens carrying this antigen in the body
      • Antibodies have 2 binding sites - 2 pathogens can bind at the same time
        • Pathogens can be clumped together - agglutination
      • Plasma cells are clones of B-cells
      • Secrete loads of antibodies specific to the antigen, called monoclonal antibodies
        • Bind to the antigens on the surface of pathogens - antibody-antigen complexes

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