Stages of the Immune Response
- Created by: EmilyStudies
- Created on: 31-01-17 21:04
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- Immune Response
- T-cells activate B-cells which divide into plasma cells
- This (and substances from the T-cells) activates the B-cell - clonal selection
- Antibodies on the surface of the B-cell bind to complementary antigens
- The B-cell divides into various types including plasma cells, memory cells and other B-cells
- Phagocytes engulf pathogens
- 3 Pathogen is contained in phagocytic vacuole
- 2 The cytoplasm of a phagocyte moves around the pathogen, engulfing it
- 4 Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole & lysozymes break down the pathogen
- 1 Phagocyte recognises the foreign antigen on a pathogen
- 5 Phagocyte then presents the pathogen's antigens, which activates other immune system cells
- Phagocytes activate T-cells
- Another type of white blood cell. It has receptor proteins on its surface which bind to antigens
- When an antigen binds to the receptor proteins it activates the T-cells
- There are different types of T-cells
- Cytotoxic T-cells, which kill abnormal and foreign cells
- Helper T-cells = release chemical signals which simulate phagocytes and cytotoxic T-cells. Also activate B-cells
- Plasma cells make more antibodies
- Phagocytes bind to the antibodies and phagocytose many pathogens at once
- Destruction of pathogens carrying this antigen in the body
- Antibodies have 2 binding sites - 2 pathogens can bind at the same time
- Pathogens can be clumped together - agglutination
- Plasma cells are clones of B-cells
- Secrete loads of antibodies specific to the antigen, called monoclonal antibodies
- Bind to the antigens on the surface of pathogens - antibody-antigen complexes
- Phagocytes bind to the antibodies and phagocytose many pathogens at once
- T-cells activate B-cells which divide into plasma cells
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