Humanistic Approaches to Personality

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  • Created by: Caitlinl
  • Created on: 22-05-17 14:18
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  • Humanistic Approaches to Personality
    • Background
      • Idiographic
      • Began in early 20th Century by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
        • Both schooled in the Psychoanalytical approach
      • Assumes humans have free will - not predetermined and therefore responsible for actions
    • Key Characteristics
      • Emphasis on individual growth
      • Conceptualised as positive
      • Focussed on the here and now
      • Personal responsibility and Free Will
    • Maslow (1908-1970)
      • Father of Humanistic Psychology
      • How to make the average person happier and healthier
      • Not waiting until the person is broken and fix them
      • Humans have innate tendencies for healthy growth and development
    • Motives
      • Possible to organise needs into a hierarchy
      • Deficiency motives - something we lack and are motivated to get
      • Being motives- Unique needs to the individuals and gain in intensity as needs are met
    • How do motives differ?
      • Deficieny motives- ensure survival
      • Growth motives - ensure higher levels of functioning
      • Human motives - complex and motivated by several needs
      • Needs to vary significantly in terms of survival
      • Developed a hierarchy of needs
    • The Pyramid
      • 1) Physiological needs
        • Hunger, thirst, sleep, sex, oxygen and elimination of bodily waste (mostly deficiency needs)
      • 2) Safety Needs
        • Need for security, safe living circumstance, need for protection, law-abiding community and sense of order
      • 3) Belongingness and love needs
      • 5) Self-actualisation needs
        • Highest level of needs
        • Demands individuals develop themselves to reach full potential
        • At peace with themselves
        • Different process for everyone
        • Rare!!
    • Person-Centred Theory
      • Based on disturbed clinical population
      • Didn't accept Freudian techniques
      • Future-orientated and power to change
      • Doesn't use term "patient" -power imbalance
      • The individuals are the experts on themselves and the therapists are just the facilitator
      • Phenomenological position - trying to understand the problem
        • Study of consciousness and object of direct exposure
      • All function with a perceptual and subjective frame of reference
    • Self-Actualisation
      • Belief that humans have a natural tendency to develop and self-actualise (innate)
      • Single basic motivating drive - positive drive present from birth
      • All cope and live their lives
      • Remain psychologically healthy is actualising potential not blocked
    • Need for Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)
      • Accepting someone for who they are and just loving them
      • Rare and usually experience Conditional Positive Regard
      • Part of socialisation process
        • Learn we are loved/liked more when we do what others want us to do
      • These experiences help us learn what we need to do in order to be help in PR from people
      • Need to be loved/liked by others
    • Impact of self-concept
      • Conditions of worth directly impact on self-concept
      • Conception of who we are based on how others see us
      • Conscious of contents of self-concept
      • Conditions of worth linked to our self-concept can be problematic
        • Keeps us doing things that do not meet real needs
    • 7 Stages of psychological contact
      • 1) Client talks about other people - not themselves
      • 2) Talk about feelings - not referring to themselves
      • 3) Talk about themselves, usually the past
      • 4) Tentatively express present feelings (descriptive)
      • 5) Begin to relive feelings within counselling sessions
      • 6) Accepts feelings fully and freely accepting
      • 7) Accepts own feelings and more open to feelings of others
  • Once basic needs met, begin to feel lonely
    • D love - based on deficiency needs - seeking love to fill emptiness
    • B love -able to love in non-possessive, unconditional way, love them for being
    • 3) Belongingness and love needs
  • 4) The esteem needs
    • The need to be seen as competent, achieving individuals
    • Need for esteem based on the evaluation of others
    • People who lie/cheat/bribe their way into positions of power still feel inferior
    • The Pyramid
      • 1) Physiological needs
        • Hunger, thirst, sleep, sex, oxygen and elimination of bodily waste (mostly deficiency needs)
      • 2) Safety Needs
        • Need for security, safe living circumstance, need for protection, law-abiding community and sense of order
      • 5) Self-actualisation needs
        • Highest level of needs
        • Demands individuals develop themselves to reach full potential
        • At peace with themselves
        • Different process for everyone
        • Rare!!
  • Carl Rogers
    • Developed person-centred theory in the 1940s
    • Was previously dominated by Freud
    • Originally called "non-directive" theory
    • Opposed Freud's views
    • Power to shape own future
    • Humanistic Approaches to Personality
      • Background
        • Idiographic
        • Began in early 20th Century by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
          • Both schooled in the Psychoanalytical approach
        • Assumes humans have free will - not predetermined and therefore responsible for actions
      • Key Characteristics
        • Emphasis on individual growth
        • Conceptualised as positive
        • Focussed on the here and now
        • Personal responsibility and Free Will
      • Maslow (1908-1970)
        • Father of Humanistic Psychology
        • How to make the average person happier and healthier
        • Not waiting until the person is broken and fix them
        • Humans have innate tendencies for healthy growth and development
      • Motives
        • Possible to organise needs into a hierarchy
        • Deficiency motives - something we lack and are motivated to get
        • Being motives- Unique needs to the individuals and gain in intensity as needs are met
      • How do motives differ?
        • Deficieny motives- ensure survival
        • Growth motives - ensure higher levels of functioning
        • Human motives - complex and motivated by several needs
        • Needs to vary significantly in terms of survival
        • Developed a hierarchy of needs
      • Person-Centred Theory
        • Based on disturbed clinical population
        • Didn't accept Freudian techniques
        • Future-orientated and power to change
        • Doesn't use term "patient" -power imbalance
        • The individuals are the experts on themselves and the therapists are just the facilitator
        • Phenomenological position - trying to understand the problem
          • Study of consciousness and object of direct exposure
        • All function with a perceptual and subjective frame of reference
      • Self-Actualisation
        • Belief that humans have a natural tendency to develop and self-actualise (innate)
        • Single basic motivating drive - positive drive present from birth
        • All cope and live their lives
        • Remain psychologically healthy is actualising potential not blocked
      • Need for Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)
        • Accepting someone for who they are and just loving them
        • Rare and usually experience Conditional Positive Regard
        • Part of socialisation process
          • Learn we are loved/liked more when we do what others want us to do
        • These experiences help us learn what we need to do in order to be help in PR from people
        • Need to be loved/liked by others
      • Impact of self-concept
        • Conditions of worth directly impact on self-concept
        • Conception of who we are based on how others see us
        • Conscious of contents of self-concept
        • Conditions of worth linked to our self-concept can be problematic
          • Keeps us doing things that do not meet real needs
      • 7 Stages of psychological contact
        • 1) Client talks about other people - not themselves
        • 2) Talk about feelings - not referring to themselves
        • 3) Talk about themselves, usually the past
        • 4) Tentatively express present feelings (descriptive)
        • 5) Begin to relive feelings within counselling sessions
        • 6) Accepts feelings fully and freely accepting
        • 7) Accepts own feelings and more open to feelings of others
    • How does Rogers view motivation?
      • Biological aspects
        • Include drive for satisfaction of basic needs
      • Psychological aspects
        • Developing more potential and human-like qualities
      • Rogers (1977)
        • Develop capacity for self-destructive, aggressive and harmful behaviour under perverse circumstances
  • Effect of society on self-actualisation
    • Distinction between real self and self-concept
    • Real self defined as being our underlying organismic self
    • If we had ideal development - our behavioural choices would be solely based on actualising tendencies - this is rare!!
  • Conditions of Worth
    • Evaluate impact of behaviour on others
    • Conditions can distort natural direction of our actualising tendencies
    • Conditions of worth are important, keeps us doing things that don't meet our real needs
    • Makes it hard to self-actualise
  • Why do we maintain self-concept
    • Use it and/or related conditions to judge own personality adequately
    • Conditions of worth make less sense of self worth and lower confidence.
    • Conditions of worth dictate how we interpret with people to meet own needs, influence the choices we make
  • What can we do about it?
    • Socially constructed
    • More need for UPR- actualising tendencies overwhelmed
      • Lead to psychological or mental disturbance
    • Raised with sufficient UPR - congruence between organismic and self-concept self
  • Rogerian Counselling Principles
    • Facilitate reintegration of self-concept
    • More conditions of worth means more aware of imperfections - image of ideal you
    • Use of ideal self to judge others
    • When we don't meet with criteria in our ideal, our self-esteem is reduced
    • People with lower conditions of worth are more accepting of who they are
      • Gaps between ideal and real self are narrow
  • How does this work in real life?
    • Relationship between counsellor and client central to therapy
    • In order to create the right environment to change, therapist possesses certain characteristics
    • Client and counsellor are psychological contacts
      • Monologue- talking at someone, not a 2 way conversation
      • Duologue - appearance communication- not very effective
    • Clients are less congruent than therapists, see themselves in need of help in a state of distress, something worth fixing

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