Humanistic Approaches to Personality
- Created by: Caitlinl
- Created on: 22-05-17 14:18
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- Humanistic Approaches to Personality
- Background
- Idiographic
- Began in early 20th Century by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
- Both schooled in the Psychoanalytical approach
- Assumes humans have free will - not predetermined and therefore responsible for actions
- Key Characteristics
- Emphasis on individual growth
- Conceptualised as positive
- Focussed on the here and now
- Personal responsibility and Free Will
- Maslow (1908-1970)
- Father of Humanistic Psychology
- How to make the average person happier and healthier
- Not waiting until the person is broken and fix them
- Humans have innate tendencies for healthy growth and development
- Motives
- Possible to organise needs into a hierarchy
- Deficiency motives - something we lack and are motivated to get
- Being motives- Unique needs to the individuals and gain in intensity as needs are met
- How do motives differ?
- Deficieny motives- ensure survival
- Growth motives - ensure higher levels of functioning
- Human motives - complex and motivated by several needs
- Needs to vary significantly in terms of survival
- Developed a hierarchy of needs
- The Pyramid
- 1) Physiological needs
- Hunger, thirst, sleep, sex, oxygen and elimination of bodily waste (mostly deficiency needs)
- 2) Safety Needs
- Need for security, safe living circumstance, need for protection, law-abiding community and sense of order
- 3) Belongingness and love needs
- 5) Self-actualisation needs
- Highest level of needs
- Demands individuals develop themselves to reach full potential
- At peace with themselves
- Different process for everyone
- Rare!!
- 1) Physiological needs
- Person-Centred Theory
- Based on disturbed clinical population
- Didn't accept Freudian techniques
- Future-orientated and power to change
- Doesn't use term "patient" -power imbalance
- The individuals are the experts on themselves and the therapists are just the facilitator
- Phenomenological position - trying to understand the problem
- Study of consciousness and object of direct exposure
- All function with a perceptual and subjective frame of reference
- Self-Actualisation
- Belief that humans have a natural tendency to develop and self-actualise (innate)
- Single basic motivating drive - positive drive present from birth
- All cope and live their lives
- Remain psychologically healthy is actualising potential not blocked
- Need for Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)
- Accepting someone for who they are and just loving them
- Rare and usually experience Conditional Positive Regard
- Part of socialisation process
- Learn we are loved/liked more when we do what others want us to do
- These experiences help us learn what we need to do in order to be help in PR from people
- Need to be loved/liked by others
- Impact of self-concept
- Conditions of worth directly impact on self-concept
- Conception of who we are based on how others see us
- Conscious of contents of self-concept
- Conditions of worth linked to our self-concept can be problematic
- Keeps us doing things that do not meet real needs
- 7 Stages of psychological contact
- 1) Client talks about other people - not themselves
- 2) Talk about feelings - not referring to themselves
- 3) Talk about themselves, usually the past
- 4) Tentatively express present feelings (descriptive)
- 5) Begin to relive feelings within counselling sessions
- 6) Accepts feelings fully and freely accepting
- 7) Accepts own feelings and more open to feelings of others
- Background
- Once basic needs met, begin to feel lonely
- D love - based on deficiency needs - seeking love to fill emptiness
- B love -able to love in non-possessive, unconditional way, love them for being
- 3) Belongingness and love needs
- 4) The esteem needs
- The need to be seen as competent, achieving individuals
- Need for esteem based on the evaluation of others
- People who lie/cheat/bribe their way into positions of power still feel inferior
- The Pyramid
- 1) Physiological needs
- Hunger, thirst, sleep, sex, oxygen and elimination of bodily waste (mostly deficiency needs)
- 2) Safety Needs
- Need for security, safe living circumstance, need for protection, law-abiding community and sense of order
- 5) Self-actualisation needs
- Highest level of needs
- Demands individuals develop themselves to reach full potential
- At peace with themselves
- Different process for everyone
- Rare!!
- 1) Physiological needs
- Carl Rogers
- Developed person-centred theory in the 1940s
- Was previously dominated by Freud
- Originally called "non-directive" theory
- Opposed Freud's views
- Power to shape own future
- Humanistic Approaches to Personality
- Background
- Idiographic
- Began in early 20th Century by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
- Both schooled in the Psychoanalytical approach
- Assumes humans have free will - not predetermined and therefore responsible for actions
- Key Characteristics
- Emphasis on individual growth
- Conceptualised as positive
- Focussed on the here and now
- Personal responsibility and Free Will
- Maslow (1908-1970)
- Father of Humanistic Psychology
- How to make the average person happier and healthier
- Not waiting until the person is broken and fix them
- Humans have innate tendencies for healthy growth and development
- Motives
- Possible to organise needs into a hierarchy
- Deficiency motives - something we lack and are motivated to get
- Being motives- Unique needs to the individuals and gain in intensity as needs are met
- How do motives differ?
- Deficieny motives- ensure survival
- Growth motives - ensure higher levels of functioning
- Human motives - complex and motivated by several needs
- Needs to vary significantly in terms of survival
- Developed a hierarchy of needs
- Person-Centred Theory
- Based on disturbed clinical population
- Didn't accept Freudian techniques
- Future-orientated and power to change
- Doesn't use term "patient" -power imbalance
- The individuals are the experts on themselves and the therapists are just the facilitator
- Phenomenological position - trying to understand the problem
- Study of consciousness and object of direct exposure
- All function with a perceptual and subjective frame of reference
- Self-Actualisation
- Belief that humans have a natural tendency to develop and self-actualise (innate)
- Single basic motivating drive - positive drive present from birth
- All cope and live their lives
- Remain psychologically healthy is actualising potential not blocked
- Need for Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)
- Accepting someone for who they are and just loving them
- Rare and usually experience Conditional Positive Regard
- Part of socialisation process
- Learn we are loved/liked more when we do what others want us to do
- These experiences help us learn what we need to do in order to be help in PR from people
- Need to be loved/liked by others
- Impact of self-concept
- Conditions of worth directly impact on self-concept
- Conception of who we are based on how others see us
- Conscious of contents of self-concept
- Conditions of worth linked to our self-concept can be problematic
- Keeps us doing things that do not meet real needs
- 7 Stages of psychological contact
- 1) Client talks about other people - not themselves
- 2) Talk about feelings - not referring to themselves
- 3) Talk about themselves, usually the past
- 4) Tentatively express present feelings (descriptive)
- 5) Begin to relive feelings within counselling sessions
- 6) Accepts feelings fully and freely accepting
- 7) Accepts own feelings and more open to feelings of others
- Background
- How does Rogers view motivation?
- Biological aspects
- Include drive for satisfaction of basic needs
- Psychological aspects
- Developing more potential and human-like qualities
- Rogers (1977)
- Develop capacity for self-destructive, aggressive and harmful behaviour under perverse circumstances
- Biological aspects
- Effect of society on self-actualisation
- Distinction between real self and self-concept
- Real self defined as being our underlying organismic self
- If we had ideal development - our behavioural choices would be solely based on actualising tendencies - this is rare!!
- Conditions of Worth
- Evaluate impact of behaviour on others
- Conditions can distort natural direction of our actualising tendencies
- Conditions of worth are important, keeps us doing things that don't meet our real needs
- Makes it hard to self-actualise
- Why do we maintain self-concept
- Use it and/or related conditions to judge own personality adequately
- Conditions of worth make less sense of self worth and lower confidence.
- Conditions of worth dictate how we interpret with people to meet own needs, influence the choices we make
- What can we do about it?
- Socially constructed
- More need for UPR- actualising tendencies overwhelmed
- Lead to psychological or mental disturbance
- Raised with sufficient UPR - congruence between organismic and self-concept self
- Rogerian Counselling Principles
- Facilitate reintegration of self-concept
- More conditions of worth means more aware of imperfections - image of ideal you
- Use of ideal self to judge others
- When we don't meet with criteria in our ideal, our self-esteem is reduced
- People with lower conditions of worth are more accepting of who they are
- Gaps between ideal and real self are narrow
- How does this work in real life?
- Relationship between counsellor and client central to therapy
- In order to create the right environment to change, therapist possesses certain characteristics
- Client and counsellor are psychological contacts
- Monologue- talking at someone, not a 2 way conversation
- Duologue - appearance communication- not very effective
- Clients are less congruent than therapists, see themselves in need of help in a state of distress, something worth fixing
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