Human Genome project and anxiety disorders

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  • Created by: Sophie
  • Created on: 14-01-13 19:35
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  • Human Genome Project
    • Facts
      • Aim : To sequence all nucleotides in a human genome
      • Started in 1990
      • First complete sequence published in 2003
      • A human genome
        • Chromosomes: Autosomes = 22, Sex chromosomes = 2
        • Base pairs = 3.1 GB
        • Genes = 25,521
        • Proteins = ~100,000
    • Impact on drug discovery
      • Discovered novel new peptides/proteins
      • Discovered ~1000 G-protein coupled receptors
      • Major impact on development of anti-anxiety drugs
    • Anxiety Disorder
      • What is it
        • Normal
          • Response to actual or percieved threat, heightened alertness, "fight or flight", acute invreased heart rate + breathing
        • Pathological
          • May ot may not be a threat, phobias, verbal complaints by sufferer of unease, symptoms interfere with life and productivity
      • Disorders
        • Generalised anxiety disorder
          • Phobias
            • Panic disorders
              • Post-traumatic stress disorder
                • Obsessive compulsive disorder
                  • Disorders
                    • Generalised anxiety disorder
                      • Phobias
                        • Panic disorders
                          • Post-traumatic stress disorder
                            • Obsessive compulsive disorder
        • Symptoms
          • Excessive worry
            • Sleep disturbances
              • Shakiness
                • Dry mouth
                  • Upset stomach
                    • Flashbacks
                      • Dizziness
                        • Sweating
                          • Numbness, tingling
                            • High pulse, breathing rate
                              • Symptoms
                                • Excessive worry
                                  • Sleep disturbances
                                    • Shakiness
                                      • Dry mouth
                                        • Upset stomach
                                          • Flashbacks
                                            • Dizziness
                                              • Sweating
                                                • Numbness, tingling
                                                  • High pulse, breathing rate
          • Treatment
            • Sedatives + hypnotics
            • CNS depressants
            • Chlorodiazepoxide - the 1st anxiolytic
            • BZDs (Benzodiazepines)
              • Pharmacological properties
                • Reduction of anxiety + aggression
                  • Sedation + induction of sleep
                    • Amanestic effect- inhibits memory acquisition
                      • Reduction of muscle tone (muscle relaxation)
                        • Anticonvulsants
                          • Pharmacological properties
                            • Reduction of anxiety + aggression
                              • Sedation + induction of sleep
                                • Amanestic effect- inhibits memory acquisition
                                  • Reduction of muscle tone (muscle relaxation)
                                    • Anticonvulsants
                • Act through specific binding sites
                • Act through GABA
                  • Major inhibitory transmitter in brain
                    • Acts through 2 receptor sites; GABA-A , GABA-B
                      • GABA-A predominant in brain
                      • GABA-B predominant in spinal cord
                • FACTS
                  • BZD agonists are anxiolytic
                    • BZD antagonists are not anxiolytic but block agonists
                    • BZD receptor is a GABA-A subunit
                      • Molecular structure of GABA-A receptors
                        • Multisubunit, ligand-gated chloride channel
                          • GABA binding site at a/B interface
                        • 2 x a + 2 x B + 1 x y
                • Problems
                  • Toxic effects from acute overdose
                    • Unwanted sedation
                      • Potentiate effects of ethanol
                        • Problems with driving
                          • Addiction / dependence
                            • Unwanted amanetic effect
                              • Problems
                                • Toxic effects from acute overdose
                                  • Unwanted sedation
                                    • Potentiate effects of ethanol
                                      • Problems with driving
                                        • Addiction / dependence
                                          • Unwanted amanetic effect
                                            • Rohypnol / *********
                              • Rohypnol / *********
            • Non BZD Anxiolytics
              • Cyclopyrrolones
                • Zopiclone
              • Imidazopyridines
                • Zolpidem
                  • Persistent vegetative state
                    • Failure to respond to environment
                    • May show sleep cycles

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