Infection and Response
- Created by: AOconnor
- Created on: 12-05-18 11:55
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- Infection and Response
- Preventing entry
- Enzymes in tears destroy microorganism
- Nose traps particles containing pathogens
- sebaceous gland in skin produces sebum, killing bacteria and fungi
- Glands in stomach produce HCL, killing bacteria
- Cilia sweeps mucus along (which traps bacteria)
- Immune system
- Phagocytosis
- Pathogen surrounded, engulfed and destoryed
- Antibody
- protein molecules
- Attach to antigen, causing microorganism to clump so they can be digested
- protein molecules
- Antitoxin
- chemicals that neutralise poisonous effects of toxins
- Phagocytosis
- Vaccination
- Inject small amount of dead/inactive pathogen cells
- Stimulates WBC to produce antibodies and develop immunity
- If same pathogen re-enters, WBC respond quicker to produce antibody
- Inject small amount of dead/inactive pathogen cells
- Developing Drugs
- Tested for toxicity, efficacy and dosage
- Preclinical testing = using cells, tissues and animals
- Clinical trials (healthy volunteers and patients)
- Low doses given
- Find optimum dose if safe
- Low doses given
- Double blind trials
- Some given placebo
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Produced from single clone of cells
- Specific to one binding site on one antigen
- Target specific chemicals and cells
- Produced via stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make antibody
- Lymphocytes combined with tumour cell to produce hybridoma cell
- hybridoma cell can divide and make antibody
- Clone hybridoma cell to produce many antibodies
- hybridoma cell can divide and make antibody
- Lymphocytes combined with tumour cell to produce hybridoma cell
- Specific to one binding site on one antigen
- Uses
- Diagnosis in pregnancy test
- Measure hormone levels and other chemicals or to detect pathogens
- Reasearch (locate and identify molecules in cells by binding with dye)
- Treat disease
- monoclonal antibody can bind to radioactive substance to stop it from dividing and cells growing
- Used for cancer
- monoclonal antibody can bind to radioactive substance to stop it from dividing and cells growing
- Produced from single clone of cells
- Preventing entry
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