geog development 1.4

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  • How and why are development patterns changing?
    • How?
      • Patterns now
        • Decline of MEDCs
          • PIIGS
        • CIVETS
        • NICs
        • Rise of African countries
      • Patterns before
        • 1980 Brandt Report
          • North/South divide
        • Third world
        • Second world
        • First world
    • Why?
      • Humanistic factors
        • Population
        • Status of women
          • To be developed countries must change from traditional motherly roles to roles equal to males
            • Traditional roles keep countries underdeveloped
              • Niger
                • Highest fertility rate in the world at 6.62 children per woman
                  • Intrinsically linked to high infant mortality rates and high
                    • Infant mortality rates: 82.8 deaths per 1000 births
                    • 76% of girls are married by 18 yrs
              • However countries that have broken from these cultural restraints have led to new development patterns
                • Tunisia
                  • Breaks down the idea that all African countries are underdeveloped
                  • Fertility rates of 1.98 c/w
                    • Same as Ireland
                  • Tunisia has 18th fastest developing city
                  • Higher social development linked with higher economic development
          • Has both social and economic ramifications
            • Singapore
              • 15% increase of women in the workforce in past 10 years
              • 15% of chief executives are women
                • 3rd largest in the world
              • Singapore is one of the fasted growing NICs
            • Better female employment= double the work force
          • Clearly with Singapore being one of the fastest growing NICs and with Tunisia as the 4th fastest growing country in Africa, it is clear that improvements in gender inequalities occur alongside developmental growth.
      • Economic factors- Globalisation
        • Trade
          • Mexico
            • Reduced unemployment
              • Mexico's unemployment in the 1980s was at 18%
                • Thus restraining its economic growth considerably
                  • And reinforced ideas of a north south divide in the 80s
              • NAFTA helped to create 600,00 jobs
              • Mexican unemployment rates in 1991 were 2.7%
            • Free trade expanded business opportunities
              • By opening up new markets
              • By removing barriers
              • And by making it easier to export
              • EXAMPLE: maquiladora industries
                • boosted by NAFTA
                  • Helped establish 2000 maquiladoras plants
                  • Employed over 500,000 workers
                • Between 1990 and 2002, real value added by the maquiladora industry grew at an annual rate of 10%
            • Breaks down north south divide
              • Mexico is the largest MINT economy at $1.2 trillion USD
          • Exchange of goods between one country and another
          • Often occurs in trade blocs
            • Countries agree on a free trade deal
            • Has been largely associated with the development of emerging countries like Mexico
              • NAFTA
                • Mexico
                  • Reduced unemployment
                    • Mexico's unemployment in the 1980s was at 18%
                      • Thus restraining its economic growth considerably
                        • And reinforced ideas of a north south divide in the 80s
                    • NAFTA helped to create 600,00 jobs
                    • Mexican unemployment rates in 1991 were 2.7%
                  • Free trade expanded business opportunities
                    • By opening up new markets
                    • By removing barriers
                    • And by making it easier to export
                    • EXAMPLE: maquiladora industries
                      • boosted by NAFTA
                        • Helped establish 2000 maquiladoras plants
                        • Employed over 500,000 workers
                      • Between 1990 and 2002, real value added by the maquiladora industry grew at an annual rate of 10%
                  • Breaks down north south divide
                    • Mexico is the largest MINT economy at $1.2 trillion USD
                • Free trade between Mexico, USA and Canada
          • Also helped the BRICS
            • GDP per capita increase of G20 developing countries stands at 115% for the decade 2000-2010
            • Also helped south Asian countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
              • Benefitted from improvements in standards for textiles and other exports thanks to EU
              • Bangladesh has increased its exports by more than 80%
        • TNCs
          • China
            • An excellent example of this process
              • They keep costs down by locating manufacturing in countries where labour is cheap
                • Either by building factories there or outsourcing manufacturing to local firms
                  • This process has resulted in not only the development of Asian countries but also a global shift
                    • Global shift is the shift of manufacturing away from High Income Countries towards developing countries
            • TNCs were attracted to China
              • Because of free market principles under the 1978 market reforms
              • Surplus population
                • China's population is 20% of the world's popultion
                • 62% of their population is aged 15-54
              • Food, technology and manufacturing TNCs
                • McDonalds opened its 2000th restaurant
            • China overtook Germany as the world's largest exporter in 2009
              • Exports $2000bn of goods annually
                • Contributes to 26% of its GDP
          • TNCs have played the most important role in shaping newly emerging economies
            • Especially NICs and BRICs
          • Occurs due to increasing improvements in transport and technolgy
            • 88% decrease in air travel costs
            • Allow the process of TNCs and outsourcing to occur more rapidly
              • Hence an increase of overseas investments from $13 billion in 1970 to $1.8 trillion today
          • Nike and apple are key players in the developments of southeast Asia and China
            • They keep costs down by locating manufacturing in countries where labour is cheap
              • Either by building factories there or outsourcing manufacturing to local firms
                • This process has resulted in not only the development of Asian countries but also a global shift
                  • Global shift is the shift of manufacturing away from High Income Countries towards developing countries
        • Process by which national and regional economies, cultures and societies become integrated
  • TNCs have also resulted in a decline in fortune for MEDCs
    • PIIGS can't cope with the competition
      • National industries shut down because its cheaper to import
      • Stocks performance in Spain was at -13% in 2010
    • China's share in global aluminium production has gone from 10% to 50% causing the shut down of many European aluminium smelters
    • Thus it is clear that TNCs and the relocation of industries has a drastic affect on the global development patterns

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