Hormones
- Created by: Liv Scott
- Created on: 18-03-15 08:21
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- Hormones
- Glands
- Exocrine- secret into ducts
- Endocrine- secret hormones directly into blood
- Catcholamine hormones- protein, bind to extracellular receptors
- Steroid hormones- non-protein, pass through phospholipid bilayer
- Adrenaline
- Adrenal glands
- 1 on each kidney
- Adrenal medulla (middle) secrets catecholiamine e.g. adrenalin
- Adrenal cortex (outer) releases steroid hormones
- Catecholoamine hormone
- Primary messenger, bind to receptor on cell
- Activates extrinsic protein- adenyl cyclase
- Coverts ATP to cAMP
- Causes enzyme reactions e.g. more glucose produced
- Coverts ATP to cAMP
- Activates extrinsic protein- adenyl cyclase
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Endocrine & exocrine
- Exo- most cells secrete enzymes into ducts
- Endo- islets of Langerhan
- Alpha cells- glucagon
- Beta cells- insulin
- Endocrine & exocrine
- Glucoregulation
- Too low
- Detected by alpha cells, secret glucagon
- Goes to hepatocytes
- Effects
- Glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)
- Gluconeongenesis (amino acids & fats to glucose)
- Effects
- Goes to hepatocytes
- Detected by alpha cells, secret glucagon
- Too high
- Detected by beta cells, secrete insulin
- Travel to target tissue- hepatocytes, muscle cells etc.
- Binds to receptor & activates adenyl cyclase
- Effects
- More glucose channels
- More glucose into cell
- Glycongensis (glucose to glycogen)
- More glucose into fat
- More respiration
- More glucose channels
- Effects
- Binds to receptor & activates adenyl cyclase
- Travel to target tissue- hepatocytes, muscle cells etc.
- Detected by beta cells, secrete insulin
- Diabetes
- Blood glucose conc. can't be controlled effectively
- Type 1
- Early onset
- Caused by autoimmune disease, body destroys beta cells
- Treated with insulin injections
- Genetic link
- Type 2
- Drop in the no. of function insulin receptors
- Reduces ability of liver & muscles to respond to insulin
- Genetic link
- Environmental risks
- Can be controlled by diet & execrise
- Production of insulin
- Previously from pigs
- Now from GM bacteria
- Exact match, not rejected
- More effective
- Cheaper to manufacture
- Produced to meet demand
- Fewer ethical issues
- Lower risk of infection
- Now from GM bacteria
- Stem cell
- Unspecialised cells, can grow into B cells- produce insulin normally
- Previously from pigs
- Too low
- Control of heart rate
- Nervous
- Cardiac muscle- myogenic
- SAN is pacemaker
- Initiates action potential, transmits down atrial wall to AVN
- Wave down Purkyne fibres to ventricles
- Initiates action potential, transmits down atrial wall to AVN
- Cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata
- Acceletrator nerve increase HR
- Antagonistic
- Vagus nerve decrease HR
- Heart rate lowers
- High BP- measured by baroreceptor
- Heart rate lowers
- Vagus nerve decrease HR
- Heart rate increases
- Low pH (increased CO2)
- Antagonistic
- Vagus nerve decrease HR
- Heart rate lowers
- High BP- measured by baroreceptor
- Heart rate lowers
- Hormonal
- Adrenalin released in response to stress (increases HR)
- Nervous
- Glands
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