Homeostasis

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  • Homeostasis
    • The regulation of the state of cells and of the body'
    • Normally about maintaining something at a particular desired level or set point
    • Involves the nervous system and the endocrine system
    • Exocrine
      • Release products (enzymes) into ducts
      • Examples include swear, tears and digestive juices
    • Endocrine
      • Release directly into the bloodstream with no ducts
      • Examples are the various hormones
      • Coordinates the body (with the nervous system)
      • Various endocrine glands and endocrine cells
      • Synthesize and release hormone
      • Hormones act at very low concentrations, influencing the secreting cell itself, adjacent cells or remote cells
      • Hormones require receptors
    • Hormone Classes
      • Peptides (shorter chains of amino acids)
      • Proteins (longer chains of amino acids)
      • Steroids
      • Amines
    • Peptide/ Protein Hormones
      • Large and usually globular
      • Water-soluble
      • Transported by vesicles (e.g. endo/ exocytosis)
      • Oxytocin
      • ADH (Vasopressin)
      • GH (Somatotropin)
      • Prolactin
      • Endorphins
      • Calcitonin
      • Insulin
      • Glucagon
    • Steroid Hormones
      • Converted from cholesterol and lipid-soluble
      • Must be transported in the blood bound to carrier proteins
      • Glucocorticoid,Mineralocoricoids,Androgens,Oestrogens,Progesterones.
    • Amine Hormones
      • Hormones derived from the modification of amino acids, with carboxyl group removed and amien group remaining
      • Enpinephrine (Adrenaline)
      • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
      • Dopamine
      • Melatonin
      • Water or lipid-soluble
    • Hyperthyroidism
      • Hyperactivity
      • Mood Swings- Anxiety, Irritability, Nervousness
      • Insomnia/ Fatigue
      • Muscle Weakness
      • Excess fat in stools
      • Sensitivity to heat and excess sweating
      • Unexplained or explained weight loss
      • Very infrequent or light periods or periods stopping altogether
      • Infertility
      • Loss of libido
    • Hypothyroidism
      • Tiredness
      • Being sensitive to cold
      • Weight gain
      • Constipation
      • Depression
      • Slow movements and thoughts
      • Muscle aches and weakness
      • Muscle cramps
      • Dry and scaly skin
      • Brittle hair and nails
      • Loss of libido
      • Pain, numbness and a tingling sensation in the hands and fingers
      • Irregular or heavy periods

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