Hobbes and Locke: the end of divine right monarchy and a confessional state
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- Created on: 28-04-20 17:02
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- Hobbes and Locke: the end of divine right monarchy and a confessional state
- Thomas Hobbes
- Born in 1588, he had been closesly assosiated with Francis Bacon and Galileo.
- He wrote about mathmatics and science but is bet known for his philosophy works.
- He left England in 1640 and lived in Paris until 1652.
- In 1651, he produced his best known work 'Leviathan'.
- Questioned the divine right of kings by arguing that the right to rule was not granted by God, but through social contract.
- Power was granted by the people, and monarchs could therefore be removed if they broke this social contract.
- The final section of the work was a justification of the submission to England's new republican regime.
- Hobbes argued that Charles couldn't protect the English people, thus they were compelled to obey the new state (new social contract).
- Furthermore, the new republican state has as much authority as the monarchy (social contract).
- Also put forward the idea of absolute sovereignty (power).
- Where a state was legitimised if it could protect the people under it's power.
- In 1651, he produced his best known work 'Leviathan'.
- Born in 1588, he had been closesly assosiated with Francis Bacon and Galileo.
- Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
- The Restoration saw the reinposition of the monarchy and the idea of divine right monarchy and a confessional state
- Confessional state = officially practices a particular religion.
- During the European Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation many countries became confessional states.
- Adopted either Protestantism or Catholicism as the state religion, and imposed it on the entire population.
- The GR of 1688 finally undermined divine right monarchy and the confessional state.
- This was because William III and Mary II agreed to rule in accordance with the laws of Parliament.
- In religion, there was a broadening of comprehension that brought an end to the confessional Anglican Church (which was reinposed at the Restoration).
- The Toleration Act of 1689 exempted dissenters from the penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance.
- However, Catholicism remained outlawed and England remained formally a Protestant country
- The monarch remained the head of the state and also head of the Protestant state church.
- However, Catholicism remained outlawed and England remained formally a Protestant country
- The Toleration Act of 1689 exempted dissenters from the penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance.
- The Restoration saw the reinposition of the monarchy and the idea of divine right monarchy and a confessional state
- John Locke
- He spent most of the 1670+80's on the European continent, only returning to England in 1689, after the GR.
- It was only at this point that Locke's most famous work was publish, although anonymously.
- It was called 'Two Treaties of Government'
- It was written in the political context of people being scared of Charles II + James II's growing power.
- Written in an anti-absolutist response to Filmer's 'Patriarcha', which was in support of the divine right of kings.
- It was only at this point that Locke's most famous work was publish, although anonymously.
- Locke focused on the following in support of the argument for exclusion.
- This was also used for resistance to the Catholic James II.
- Included:
- -Contractual theory of government.
- A contract was in place between the monarch and the people to prevent absolutism.
- -Equality of Man
- All men deserved to be treated equally, no matter their status.
- -Popular sovereignty
- Power was held by the people.
- -The law of nature
- Certain rights and values were inherently set by nature, meaning that a monarch could not be absolutist.
- -Right of resistance
- People had the right to resist a monarch acting tyrannically.
- -Contractual theory of government.
- Locke's work produced little reaction at the time.
- Only became more widely read in the eighteenth century.
- His theories acquired new significance and more readers as a result of America's struggle for independance in the 1770's.
- Only became more widely read in the eighteenth century.
- He spent most of the 1670+80's on the European continent, only returning to England in 1689, after the GR.
- Thomas Hobbes
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